BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 852

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of detail of the Cashfields building. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Cashel Street - Southern Star building".

BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 853

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of detail of the Cashfields building. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Cashel Street - Southern Star building".

BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 830

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "The earthquake-damaged Southern Star building on Cashel Street".

BeckerFraserPhotos October 2011 photograph 592

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Looking south east over the Southern Motorway with Barrington Street under the new bridge".

BeckerFraserPhotos October 2011 photograph 497

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Southern Star building, Cashel Street".

BeckerFraserPhotos May 2011 photograph 0351

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "154 Cashel Street - Southern Star building".

BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 850

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "The earthquake-damaged Southern Star building on Cashel Street".

BeckerFraserPhotos October 2011 photograph 585

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Looking south across South Hagley Park".

BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 685

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "The city at dusk from Mt Pleasant, with a backdrop of the Southern Alps".

WEMO ERT Set 1 - February 2011 - Photograph 40

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team inspecting the Southern Finance Ltd building on Montreal Street.

BeckerFraserPhotos October 2011 photograph 586

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Looking south across Addington".

BeckerFraserPhotos May 2011 photograph 0348

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "160 Cashel Street".

BeckerFraserPhotos July 2011 photograph 1274

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Looking along the south side of Cashel Street and Cashel Mall. Part of the Southern Star building is on the left".

WEMO ERT Set 3 - February 2011 - Photograph 081

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining the Southern Finance House on Montreal Street. Silt from liquefaction covers the footpath in front.

WEMO ERT Set 3 - February 2011 - Photograph 080

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining the Southern Finance Ltd building. Silt from liquefaction covers part of the footpath and road.

WEMO ERT Set 3 - February 2011 - Photograph 092

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the southern end of the Provincial Chambers Building taken through a car window. The roof and the wall of the building have collapsed on the right.

BeckerFraserPhotos December 2011 photograph 0320

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An aerial photograph of the Christchurch central city. The photograph has been captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "This photograph shows nearly all of the CBD. The two streets which are prominent in this photograph are Manchester Street on the left and Colombo Street on the right of the photograph. This photograph is from the north, looking towards the southern part of the city. Cathedral Square is about half way up, towards the right. It shows the extent of demolition that has happened already close to the river and near the Manchester/Gloucester Street intersection where there is a lot of bare land surrounding Radio Network House".

Size-specific tree mortality varies with neighbourhood crowding and distur…

Research papers, Lincoln University

Tree mortality is a fundamental process governing forest dynamics, but understanding tree mortality patterns is challenging because large, long-term datasets are required. Describing size-specific mortality patterns can be especially difficult, due to few trees in larger size classes. We used permanent plot data from Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (mountain beech) forest on the eastern slopes of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, where the fates of trees on 250 plots of 0.04 ha were followed, to examine: (1) patterns of size-specific mortality over three consecutive periods spanning 30 years, each characterised by different disturbance, and (2) the strength and direction of neighbourhood crowding effects on sizespecific mortality rates. We found that the size-specific mortality function was U-shaped over the 30-year period as well as within two shorter periods characterised by small-scale pinhole beetle and windthrow disturbance. During a third period, characterised by earthquake disturbance, tree mortality was less size dependent. Small trees (,20 cm in diameter) were more likely to die, in all three periods, if surrounded by a high basal area of larger neighbours, suggesting that sizeasymmetric competition for light was a major cause of mortality. In contrast, large trees ($20 cm in diameter) were more likely to die in the first period if they had few neighbours, indicating that positive crowding effects were sometimes important for survival of large trees. Overall our results suggest that temporal variability in size-specific mortality patterns, and positive interactions between large trees, may sometimes need to be incorporated into models of forest dynamics.