A photograph of a sewer pipe under repair in Christchurch.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Laying new sewers in Bridge Street, New Brighton".
The laying of new sewers in Bridge Street, South Brighton. Road cones have been placed along the road works. Temporary road signs indicate that the current speed limit is 30 km/h. Diggers, four-wheel drive vehicles and a truck are parked beside piles of gravel and a yellow sewer pump.
A truck pumping out sewers on Rocking Horse Road in Southshore. Road signs and cones are directing traffic around the vehicle.
A truck pumping out sewers on Rocking Horse Road in Southshore. Road signs and cones are directing traffic around the vehicle.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Sewer Pumping station, 471A Pages Road".
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Trucks pumping out the sewers along Ashgrove Terrace".
Recent earthquakes have shown that liquefaction and associated ground deformations are major geotechnical hazards to civil engineering infrastructures, such as pipelines. In particular, sewer pipes have been damaged in many areas in Christchurch as a result of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading near waterways and ground oscillation induced by seismic shaking. In this paper, the addition of a flexible AM liner as a potential countermeasure to increase sewer pipe capacity was investigated. Physical testing through 4-point loading test was undertaken to characterise material properties and the response of both unlined pipe and its lined counterpart. Next, numerical models were created using SAP2000 and ABAQUS to analyse buried pipeline response to transverse permanent ground displacement and to quantify, over a range of pipe segment lengths and soil parameters, the effectiveness of the AM liner in increasing displacement capacity. The numerical results suggest that the addition of the AM liner increases the deformation capacity of the unlined sewer pipe by as much as 50 times. The results confirmed that AM liner is an effective countermeasure for sewer pipes in liquefied ground not only in terms of increased deformation capacity but also the fact that AM-Liner can prevent influx of sand and water through broken pipes, making sewer pipes with liner remaining serviceable even under severe liquefaction condition.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "A truck pumping out the sewers along Ashgrove Terrace".
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Sewer pipe on the street, Kingsford Street, Horseshoe Lake".
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Temporary sewer pipe (on the street) and water pipe (along the fence lines) running down Kingsford Street".
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "On-street sewer pipe, portaloo, and on-street water pipe all part of life in Kingsford Street, Horseshoe Lake".
A Port-a-loo on the side of Avonside Drive. It has been set up for use by residents without functioning sewers as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A Port-a-loo on the side of Avonside Drive. It has been set up for use by residents without functioning sewers as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A Port-a-loo on the side of Avonside Drive. It has been set up for use by residents without functioning sewers as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A woman walking beside the Avon River. Across the river a Port-a-loo has been set up for residents without functioning sewers as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A sewage tanker on the side of Rocking Horse Road in Southshore.
A photograph submitted by Tim Kerr to the QuakeStories website. The description reads, "Line flushing and CCTV inspection of sewers and storm water drains. An endless task that had to be done".
A view across the Avon River from Avonside Drive to a Port-a-loo that has been set up for residents without functioning sewers as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A woman walking beside the Avon River on Avonside Drive. Across the river a Port-a-loo has been set up for residents without functioning sewers as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A temporary road sign indicates that the speed limit is 10 km/h along Rocking Horse Road in Southshore, due to the uneven surface of the road.
A photograph of two men taking photographs on St Asaph Street shortly after the 22 February 2011 street. The road has become congested by people trying to leave the city, and flooding from burst sewer mains can be seen along the street.
A Transfield Services worker entering a manhole in north-east Christchurch. Piles of liquefaction are around the man hole. In the background, is one of the portable toilets set up after the 22 February 2011 earthquake to service areas of the city without operational sewers.