Photograph by Eroica Ritchie 041

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A "sand volcano" of liquefaction silt.

Christchurch Press Image: David Hallett 2010:09:09 03:25:57

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Sand volcanos on farmland near Halswell".

Christchurch Press Image: David Hallett 2010:09:09 03:26:41

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Sand volcanos on farmland near Halswell".

Sub-surface Expression of Sand Volcanoes in the Avon-Heathcote Estuary Ind…

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Among the deformation features produced in Christchurch by the September 4th Darfield Earthquake were numerous and widespread “sand volcanoes”. Most of these structures occurred in urban settings and “erupted” through a hardened surface of concrete or tarseal, or soil. Sand volcanoes were also widespread in the Avon‐ Heathcote Estuary and offered an excellent opportunity to readily examine shallow subsurface profiles and as such the potential appearance of such structures in the rock record.

Christchurch Mail Image: Luke Thomas 2010:10:05 15:07:40

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Ground features. Sue Irvine's Halswell property was flooded by sand volcanoes and included bubbled-up areas of earth".