A man playing the bagpipes at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of people travelling to the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011 in Hagley Park.
Crowds at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Crowds at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Members of the public at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of people travelling to the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011 in Hagley Park.
A photograph of people travelling to the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011 in Hagley Park.
A photograph of people travelling to the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011 in Hagley Park.
A photograph of armed services personnel in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A photograph of a bow tied around a tree on Hagley Park as part of the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of a bow tied around a tree on Hagley Park as part of the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of a banner reading, "Rise Up Christchurch", flying above the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service in Hagley Park.
A photograph of a large screen allowing the crowd to see the events on stage at the memorial service in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A photograph of a large screen allowing the crowd to see the events on stage at the memorial service in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A New Zealand flag being held by a member of the public at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Crowds at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011. A banner reading, 'Rise up Christchurch' is flying above the crowd.
A photograph of a bow tied around a tree on Hagley Park as part of the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of a bow tied around a tree on Hagley Park as part of the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of a bow tied around a tree on Hagley Park as part of the National Memorial Service for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held on 18 March 2011.
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "A group of people arriving for the first anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A photograph of crowds sitting in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A photograph of crowds sitting in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A photograph of crowds sitting in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
A photograph of crowds sitting in Hagley Park. The photograph is captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "First anniversary Memorial Service for 22 February 2011".
The sun shines on a New Zealand flag. The flag is held by a member of the public at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
The sun shining on a New Zealand flag. The flag is being held by a member of the public at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. More than 40,000 people attended the memorial service in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A photograph of the crowds at the National Memorial for the victims of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Memorial design in the West has been explored in depth (Stevens and Franck, 2016; Williams, 2007), and for landscape architects it presents opportunities and challenges. However, there is little in the English language literature about memorial design in China. How have Chinese designers responded to the commemorative settings of war and disaster? This study will adopt the method of case study to analyse two of the most representative memorials in China: Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall (war) and Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Hall (disaster). Both landscapes have undergone three or four renovations and extensions in the last four decades, demonstrating the practical effects of the Chinese landscape theory. These examples of responses to trauma through memorial landscape interventions are testimonies to the witnesses, victims, abusers, ordinary people, youth and the place where the tragedy took place. This study will explore the reconstruction and expansion of the two memorials under the background of China's policies on memorial landscapes in different periods, as well as their functions of each stage. The research will examine how existing Chinese memorial theories exhibit unique responses at different times in response to the sadness and needs experienced by different users. Key Words:memorial landscape; memorial language; victims; descriptive; architecture; experence; disaster; memorial hall; landscape development; Chinese memorial; war.
Prince William speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Prince William speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.