An authority granted by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, providing the authority to carry out earthquake repair work that may affect archaeological sites within the Lyttelton area.
An authority granted by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust, providing the authority to carry out earthquake repair work that may affect archaeological sites within the Christchurch City area.
Damage to Knox Church. Bricks and stonework have fallen from the gable ends of the church, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
Damage to Knox Church. Bricks and stonework have fallen from the gable ends of the church, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
Damage to Knox Church. Bricks and stonework have fallen from the gable ends of the church, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
Damage to Knox Church. Bricks and stonework have fallen from the gable ends of the church, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
Flooding and liquefaction surround a house in Richmond. Bricks have fallen from the walls of the house, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
Damage to St Joseph's Church in Lyttelton. The front wall of the church has almost completely collapsed, revealing the wooden framework underneath.
Military personnel sit outside a security checkpoint tent. In the background, the stone cladding of a gable end on the Cranmer Courts building has collapsed, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
Damage to Knox Church on the corner of Bealey Avenue and Victoria Street. Bricks and stonework have fallen from the gables of the church, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
A crane sits beside the damaged Cranmer Courts building. The stone cladding of a gable end of the building has collapsed, exposing the wooden framework beneath. The photographer comments, "A bike ride around the CBD. Cranmer Courts, Montreal St".
One portrait colour digital photograph taken on 19 November 2011 showing the framework of the Lyttelton Coffee Company Building surrounded by safety fencing. On the fencing are election hoardings and an advertisement for Samo, the café established by employees of the Lyttelton Coffee Company. Prior earthquake strengthening enabled the Lyttelton...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 12 April 2011 showing earthquake damage to the Empire Hotel on London Street. The photograph shows the façade of the hotel supported by the framework installed to brace the building after the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Also visible on the fencing in the foreground is the advertising placard for...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 19 April 2011 showing the demolition of the Empire Hotel on London Street. The photograph shows the façade of the hotel supported by the framework installed to brace the building after the 4 September 2010 earthquake. A crane is being used to enable the east wall to be demolished by hand to avoid...
Today there is interest in building resilient communities. Identifying and managing the risks of natural hazards with communities who face compounding hazards is challenging. Alpine ski areas provide a unique context to study this challenging and complex process. The traditional approach taken to manage natural hazards is discipline-centric and focuses on common (e.g. high probability low consequence) natural hazards such as avalanches. While this thesis acknowledges that the common approach is rational, it argues that we can extend our communities of practice to include rare (e.g. low probability / high consequence) natural hazards such as earthquakes. The dynamically complex nature of these ‘rare’ hazards limits our understanding about them, but by seeking and using the lived experiences of people in mountain communities some knowledge can be gained to help improve our understanding of how to adapt. This study focuses on such an approach in the context of alpine ski areas prone to earthquakes as a first step toward identifying key policy opportunities for hazard mitigation in general. The contributions can be broken down into methodological, contextual, and theoretical pursuits, as well as opportunities for improving future research. A development mixed method triangulated approach was justified because the research problem (i.e. earthquakes in ski areas) has had little consideration. The context provided the opportunity to test the integration of methods while dealing with the challenges of research in a novel context. Advancement to fuzzy cognitive mapping was achieved through the use of unsupervised neural networks (Self-organizing Maps or Kohonen Maps). The framework applied in the multi-site case study required a synthesis of current approaches, advances to methods and a functional use of cultural theory. Different approaches to participatory policy development were reviewed to develop a research protocol that was accessible. Cultural theory was selected as a foundation for the thesis because of its’ preference for plural rationalities from five ways of organizing. Moreover, the study undertook a shift away from the dichotomy of ‘methodological individualism’ and ‘methodological collectivism’ and instead chose the dividual (i.e. social solidarities that consist of culural biases, behavioral strategies and social relations) as a consistent unit of analysis despite three different methodologies including: field studies, qualitative interviews, and fuzzy cognitive maps. In this sense, the thesis sought to move away from ‘elegant solutions’ from singular solidarities or methods toward a research philosophy that sustains requisite variety and clumsy solutions. Overall the approach was a trandisciplinary framework that is a step toward sustainable hazards mitigation. The results indicate that the selections of risks and adaptation strategies associated with the in-situ hazards are driven by roles that managers, workers, and riders play in the context. Additionally, fuzzy cognitive maps were used as an extension of qualitative interviews and demonstrated the potential for power struggles that may arise between participant groups when considering strategies for preparation, response and recovery. Moreover, the results stress that prolonged engagement with stakeholders is necessary to improve the policy development process. Some comments are made on the compatibility condition of congruence between cultural biases, behavioural strategies, and social relations. As well, inclusion of the hermit/autonomous solidarities is stressed as a necessary component of future applications of cultural theory. The transdisciplinary mixed-method framework is an approach that can be transferred to many other vital areas of research where integration is desirable.
This thesis investigates the relationship between the apocalyptic narrative and the postmodern novel. It explores and builds on Patricia Waugh‟s hypothesis in Practising Postmodernism: Reading Modernism (1992) which suggests that that the postmodern is characterised by an apocalyptic sense of crisis, and argues that there is in fact a strong relationship between the apocalyptic and the postmodern. It does so through an exploration of apocalyptic narratives and themes in five postmodern novels. It also draws on additional supporting material which includes literary and cultural theory and criticism, as well as historical theory. In using the novel as a medium through which to explore apocalyptic narratives, this thesis both assumes and affirms the novel‟s importance as a cultural artefact which reflects the concerns of the age in which it is written. I suggest that each of the novels discussed in this thesis demonstrates the close relationship between the apocalyptic and the postmodern through society‟s concern over the direction of history, the validity of meta-narratives, and other cultural phenomenon, such as war, the development of nuclear weaponry, and terrorism. Although the scope of this thesis is largely confined to the historical-cultural epoch known as postmodernity, it also draws on literature and cultural criticism from earlier periods so as to provide a more comprehensive framework for investigating apocalyptic ideas and their importance inside the postmodern novel. A number of modernist writers are therefore referred to or quoted throughout this thesis, as are other important thinkers from preceding periods whose ideas are especially pertinent. The present thesis was researched and written between March 2010 and August 2011 and is dedicated to all of those people who lost their lives in the apocalyptic events of the February 22nd Christchurch earthquake.