A house in Richmond surrounded by flooding and liquefaction. The photographer comments, "Liquefaction and overflow from Dudley Creek flooded the section".
A push lawnmower sits in liquefaction silt beside the porch of a house. The photographer comments, "A friend's house, liquefaction covers the front lawn".
A 'sand volcano' of liquefaction in a crack in a gravel driveway beside a house in Richmond. The photographer comments, "Liquefaction in back yard".
A man inspects damage to his garden. Liquefaction and cracking can be seen on the path and lawn. The photographer comments, "Lateral spreading and liquefaction".
A wheelbarrow sits on a liquefaction-covered lawn in front of a house. The photographer comments, "Liquefaction covers a lawn for the 2nd time in 6 months".
A man walks across his cracked and liquefaction-covered lawn in Richmond. The photographer comments, "Andy Corbin checks liquefaction and surface water in his lawn".
A truck on Warden Street in Shirley waits to be loaded with liquefaction silt, which a digger in the background is scraping off the road. The photographer comments, "Liquefaction clean-up".
Part of the forecourt at the Shell Shirley petrol station has lifted above the rest, after the underground petrol tanks were pushed upwards by liquefaction. Liquefaction silt covers the lower part of the forecourt.
Flooding and liquefaction surround a house in Richmond.
Flooding and liquefaction on Edward Avenue in St Albans.
Damage to River Road in Richmond. The road surface is badly cracked and slumped, and liquefaction silt covers part of the road. The photographer comments, "Liquefaction in River Rd. This is minor compared to many streets in town".
Part of the forecourt at the Shell Shirley petrol station has lifted above the rest, after the underground petrol tanks were pushed upwards by liquefaction. Liquefaction silt covers the lower part of the forecourt. The photographer comments, "Tanks at Shell Shirley floated out of the ground".
Flooding and liquefaction outside a house on Edward Avenue in St Albans.
To identify key ground characteristics that led to different liquefaction manifestations during the Canterbury earthquakes
Flooding and liquefaction on the corner of Edward Avenue and Geraldine Street in St Albans.
Flooding and liquefaction on Geraldine Street in St Albans. The photographer comments, "Geraldine St and Edward Ave corner".
A digger scrapes up liquefaction silt from Warden Street in Shirley. The photographer comments, "Clearing silt in Warden St".
A police car drives down a liquefaction-covered Geraldine Street in St Albans, past residents with shovels and wheelbarrows clearing silt.
Footprints in liquefaction silt on the side of a residential street. The photographer comments, "Silt has accumulated everywhere".
A woman walks through liquefaction in Hendon Street in St Albans. The photographer comments, "Hendon St, St Albans, is very heavily silted".
Flooding and liquefaction surround a house in Richmond. Bricks have fallen from the walls of the house, exposing the wooden framework beneath.
A long line of cars on Shirley Road. While the centre of the road is clear, there is flooding and liquefaction along the edges.
A digger scrapes up liquefaction silt from Warden Street in Shirley, while workers with shovels look on. The photographer comments, "Clearing silt in Warden St".
Liquefaction surrounds a car on Hendon Street in St Albans, near the corner with Hills Road. In the background, 'keep clear' tape cordons off the front of a property.
Background Liquefaction induced land damage has been identified in more than 13 notable New Zealand earthquakes within the past 150 years, as presented on the timeline below. Following the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES), the consequences of liquefaction were witnessed first-hand in the city of Christchurch and as a result the demand for understanding this phenomenon was heightened. Government, local councils, insurers and many other stakeholders are now looking to research and understand their exposure to this natural hazard.
Damage to River Road in Richmond. The road surface is badly cracked and slumped, and liquefaction silt covers part of the road. The photographer comments, "Lateral spreading cracks in River Rd".
Damage to Medway Street in Richmond. The road surface is cracked and buckled, and covered in liquefaction silt. A temporary road sign restricting speed to 30 is visible, with road cones behind. The photographer comments, "Medway St, Woodchester Ave on right just beyond the 30 sign".
Earthquake-triggered soil liquefaction caused extensive damage and heavy economic losses in Christchurch during the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes. The most severe manifestations of liquefaction were associated with the presence of natural deposits of clean sands and silty sands of fluvial origin. However, liquefaction resistance of fines-containing sands is commonly inferred from empirical relationships based on clean sands (i.e. sands with less than 5% fines). Hence, existing evaluation methods have poor accuracy when applied to silty sands. The liquefaction behaviour of Christchurch fines-containing (silty) sands is investigated through a series of Direct Simple Shear (DSS) tests. This type of test better resembles earthquake loading conditions in soil deposits compared to cyclic triaxial tests. Soil specimens are reconstituted in the laboratory with the water sedimentation technique. This preparation method yields soil fabrics similar to those encountered in fluvial soil deposits, which are common in the Christchurch area. Test results provide preliminary indications on how void ratio, relative density, preparation method and fines content influence the cyclic liquefaction behaviour of sand-silt mixtures depending on the properties of host sand and silt.
Liquefaction silt covers the ground in front of the Shirley Medical Centre, and more silt is piled beside the entrance. The photographer comments, "These photos show our old house in River Rd and recovery work around Richmond and St Albans. The local medical centre is seriously silted up".
Liquefaction silt covers the ground in front of the Shirley Medical Centre, and more silt is piled beside the entrance. The photographer comments, "These photos show our old house in River Rd and recovery work around Richmond and St Albans. The local medical centre is seriously silted up".