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Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the north-west corner of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament. The upper part of the corner structure has collapsed. A statue of the Virgin Mary can be seen in a window. The photographer comments, "A bike ride around the CBD. Catholic Cathedral, Barbadoes St".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the dome of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament. Cracking around the base of the dome shows how it has moved. In the foreground, damage to the north-west corner of the building can be seen. The photographer comments, "A bike ride around the CBD. Catholic Cathedral, Barbadoes St".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The sewage treatment ponds in Bromley. In the distance trucks and diggers can be seen piling up liquefaction silt. The photographer comments, "Looking NW from the causeway through the sewage wetlands. Mountains of liquefaction silt are being piled up near the corner of Breezes Rd and SH74-Anzac Drive".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Trucks and diggers build large piles of liquefaction silt. In the foreground can be seen the Bromley sewage treatment ponds. The photographer comments, "Looking NW from the causeway through the sewage wetlands. Mountains of liquefaction silt are being piled up near the corner of Breezes Rd and SH74-Anzac Drive".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the front of the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament. The upper part of the corner structures have collapsed, and the cross on the roof is on a lean. A statue of the Virgin Mary can be seen in a window. The photographer comments, "A bike ride around the CBD. Catholic Cathedral, Barbadoes St".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Trucks and diggers build large piles of liquefaction silt. One pile has been covered with plastic sheeting, weighted down with tyres. In the foreground can be seen the Bromley sewage treatment ponds. The photographer comments, "Looking NW from the causeway through the sewage wetlands. Mountains of liquefaction silt are being piled up near the corner of Breezes Rd and SH74-Anzac Drive".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Trucks and diggers build large piles of liquefaction silt. One pile has been covered with plastic sheeting, weighted down with tyres. In the foreground can be seen the Bromley sewage treatment ponds. The photographer comments, "Looking NW from the causeway through the sewage wetlands. Mountains of liquefaction silt are being piled up near the corner of Breezes Rd and SH74-Anzac Drive".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the rubble from the Observatory tower in the South Quad of the Christchurch Arts Centre. The tower collapsed during the 22 February 2011 earthquake. A digger was used to clear the rubble away from the building. Scaffolding constructed around the tower has also collapsed and is amongst the rubble. The roof of the tower and a ladder can also be seen.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the rubble from the Observatory tower in the South Quad of the Christchurch Arts Centre. The tower collapsed during the 22 February 2011 earthquake. A digger was used to clear the rubble away from the building. Scaffolding constructed around the tower has also collapsed and is amongst the rubble. A car and the bumper of another car can be seen under the rubble.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A sign on a fence on Marine Parade in North New Brighton reads "We need your support. We say yes to a new local high school. Northeast Secondary Education Committee." The photographer comments, "A bike ride to New Brighton and the beach 3 weeks after the Feb 22 quake. Roads were still very rough and under reconstruction. I think this issue may be shelved for a while. Unless Shirley Boys High and Avonside Girls High can't be rebuilt, of course".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to River Road in Richmond. The road surface is badly cracked and slumped, and liquefaction silt covers part of the road. Two people in gumboots walk towards a barrier erected across the road using road cones and warning tape, and in the background the badly twisted Medway Street bridge can be seen. The photographer comments, "Longitudinal cracks indicate lateral movement as the land sagged towards the river. Near 373 River Rd, looking south-east towards Medway St. The Medway St bridge is visible in the background".

Research papers, Lincoln University

Tree mortality is a fundamental process governing forest dynamics, but understanding tree mortality patterns is challenging because large, long-term datasets are required. Describing size-specific mortality patterns can be especially difficult, due to few trees in larger size classes. We used permanent plot data from Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (mountain beech) forest on the eastern slopes of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, where the fates of trees on 250 plots of 0.04 ha were followed, to examine: (1) patterns of size-specific mortality over three consecutive periods spanning 30 years, each characterised by different disturbance, and (2) the strength and direction of neighbourhood crowding effects on sizespecific mortality rates. We found that the size-specific mortality function was U-shaped over the 30-year period as well as within two shorter periods characterised by small-scale pinhole beetle and windthrow disturbance. During a third period, characterised by earthquake disturbance, tree mortality was less size dependent. Small trees (,20 cm in diameter) were more likely to die, in all three periods, if surrounded by a high basal area of larger neighbours, suggesting that sizeasymmetric competition for light was a major cause of mortality. In contrast, large trees ($20 cm in diameter) were more likely to die in the first period if they had few neighbours, indicating that positive crowding effects were sometimes important for survival of large trees. Overall our results suggest that temporal variability in size-specific mortality patterns, and positive interactions between large trees, may sometimes need to be incorporated into models of forest dynamics.