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Images, UC QuakeStudies

A house in Christchurch with a red sticker on the window indicating that it is unsafe to enter. "No entry" and a large cross have also been spray painted on the front fence to warn people off. On the right side of the house, a tarpaulin can be seen covering a collapsed brick wall.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to The Painted Room on Colombo Street. The roof has collapsed into the building, damaging the front wall and breaking the glass windows. Wire fencing and police tape have been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the buildings next to the Canterbury Trade Union Centre on Armagh Street. The front walls of both buildings have collapsed, and bricks spill onto the footpath. Cordon tape and road cones have been placed around the buildings.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the buildings next to the Canterbury Trade Union Centre on Armagh Street. The front walls of both buildings have collapsed, and bricks spill onto the footpath. Cordon tape and road cones have been placed around the buildings.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The corner of Colombo Street and Kilmore Street in the aftermath of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The walls of several buildings along Colombo Street have collapsed, including Sala Thai Restaurant, which has spilled bricks onto the road. A bus has stopped alongside the building and police officers can be seen walking along the road.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a shop on Colombo Street. Part of the closest brick wall of the building has collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the ground in front of the building. "No go" has been spray-painted on the footpath in the foreground of the photograph.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A house on Avonside Drive showing damage from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Numerous cracks in the masonry can be seen, and several sections of brick have fallen off the walls. The building's porch has also collapsed. A pile of dried liquefaction is visible in the driveway.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a block of buildings in central Christchurch. The basement of the buildings have collapsed and the concrete blocks have spilled into the car park. Large cracks have also formed in between the blocks in the walls of the building to the left.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a building on the corner of Armagh and Barbadoes Streets. The outer walls of the building have collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the footpath and road below. Steel and wire fences have been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view of part of the former Canterbury Public Library complex after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. On the left the 1870s section is visible. It has been red-stickered and the ground around it has been spray painted with the words, "Danger, wall". The building on the right is the former Librarian's House, which was built in 1894. It has been enclosed in a safety fence, and a section of masonry from its gable has collapsed. Containers have been stacked between the buildings to reinforce their walls.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

High demolition rates were observed in New Zealand after the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence despite the success of modern seismic design standards to achieve required performance objectives such as life safety and collapse prevention. Approximately 60% of the multi-storey reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in the Christchurch Central Business District were demolished after these earthquakes, even when only minor structural damage was present. Several factors influenced the decision of demolition instead of repair, one of them being the uncertainty of the seismic capacity of a damaged structure. To provide more insight into this topic, the investigation conducted in this thesis evaluated the residual capacity of moderately damaged RC walls and the effectiveness of repair techniques to restore the seismic performance of heavily damaged RC walls. The research outcome provided insights for developing guidelines for post-earthquake assessment of earthquake-damaged RC structures. The methodology used to conduct the investigation was through an experimental program divided into two phases. During the first phase, two walls were subjected to different types of pre-cyclic loading to represent the damaged condition from a prior earthquake, and a third wall represented a repair scenario with the damaged wall being repaired using epoxy injection and repair mortar after the pre-cyclic loading. Comparisons of these test walls to a control undamaged wall identified significant reductions in the stiffness of the damaged walls and a partial recovery in the wall stiffness achieved following epoxy injection. Visual damage that included distributed horizontal and diagonal cracks and spalling of the cover concrete did not affect the residual strength or displacement capacity of the walls. However, evidence of buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement during the pre-cyclic loading resulted in a slight reduction in strength recovery and a significant reduction in the displacement capacity of the damaged walls. Additional experimental programs from the literature were used to provide recommendations for modelling the response of moderately damaged RC walls and to identify a threshold that represented a potential reduction in the residual strength and displacement capacity of damaged RC walls in future earthquakes. The second phase of the experimental program conducted in this thesis addressed the replacement of concrete and reinforcing steel as repair techniques for heavily damaged RC walls. Two walls were repaired by replacing the damaged concrete and using welded connections to connect new reinforcing bars with existing bars. Different locations of the welded connections were investigated in the repaired walls to study the impact of these discontinuities at the critical section. No significant changes were observed in the stiffness, strength, and displacement capacity of the repaired walls compared to the benchmark undamaged wall. Differences in the local behaviour at the critical section were observed in one of the walls but did not impact the global response. The results of these two repaired walls were combined with other experimental programs found in the literature to assemble a database of repaired RC walls. Qualitative and quantitative analyses identified trends across various parameters, including wall types, damage before repair, and repair techniques implemented. The primary outcome of the database analysis was recommendations for concrete and reinforcing steel replacement to restore the strength and displacement capacity of heavily damaged RC walls.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a member of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team walking down Manchester Street. In the background is a group of earthquake-damaged shops. The outer walls of the top storeys of the shops have collapsed, the bricks spilling onto the street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Cashel Street from the Bridge of Remembrance, showing earthquake damage to several buildings along Cashel Mall. In the background the Hotel Grand Chancellor can be seen, a Christchurch hotel that was badly damaged in the February 2011 earthquake. The collapse of a key supporting shear wall caused the building to visibly lean to one side.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view looking south down Durham Street. Two fire engines are driving north, and a pair of construction workers are walking up the road. Behind them is the damaged Provincial Council Legislative Chambers. The building's walls and roof have collapsed, as has the scaffolding which was erected to repair it after the 4 September 2010 earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to Charlie B's Backpackers on Madras Street. The front of the building has collapsed, the bricks and other rubble spilling onto the road and footpath in front. Many of the walls inside the top storey of the building are now hanging loose from the ceiling.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Stranges Building on the corner of High Street and Lichfield Street. In the background are the Mexican Café and Honey Pot Café buildings. The outer wall of the top storey of the Stranges Building has collapsed and the rubble has spilled onto the footpath below.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the John Burns & Co. Ltd building on Lichfield Street. The top section of the side wall has collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the car park below, exposing the inside of the building. Several crushed cars have been removed from the car park and stacked on the street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a member of the New Zealand Army talking to a police officer on the corner of Colombo and Wordsworth Street. In the background there is a block of earthquake-damaged shops. Sections of the shops' walls have collapsed and the rubble has spilled onto the road and footpath.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of emergency management personnel standing next to an earthquake-damaged house. The wall on the left side of the house has collapsed and the bricks have spilled into the driveway in front. Wooden bracing has been placed in between the house and the fence, with wires connecting the top of the bracing to the peak of the roof.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of an earthquake-damaged building on Acton Street. The closest section of the outer wall has collapsed, the bricks and other rubble spilling onto the pavement in front. A boat which was being stored inside has toppled over and is now sticking out of the building. Several cars, also stored inside the building, are visible.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of earthquake damage to the Cranmer Centre on the corner of Armagh and Montreal Streets. Large sections of the wall have collapsed, the bricks spilling onto the footpath below. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon. Scaffolding has been erected up the side of the building to the left.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the John Burns & Co. Ltd building on Lichfield Street. The top section of the side wall has collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the car park below, exposing the inside of the building. Several crushed cars have been removed from the car park and stacked on the street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Asko Design building on Victoria Street. The top of the facade has crumbled and fallen into the street, taking the awning with it. The side wall has also collapsed, exposing the inside of the building. Wire fencing and tape have been used to cordon the buildings off.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to Knox Church on the corner of Bealey Avenue and Victoria Street. The brick walls of the gables have collapsed, exposing the building's wooden frame and the inside of the building. Wire fences and emergency tape have been placed around the building as a cordon.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

During the Christchurch earthquake of February 2011, several midrise reinforced concrete masonry (RCM) buildings showed performance levels that fall in the range of life safety to near collapse. A case study of one of these buildings, a six-story RCM building deemed to have reached the near collapse performance level, is presented in this paper. The RCM walls on the second floor failed due to toe crushing, reducing the building's lateral resistance in the east–west direction. A three-dimensional (3-D) nonlinear dynamic analysis was conducted to simulate the development of the governing failure mechanism. Analysis results showed that the walls that were damaged were subjected to large compression loads during the earthquake, which caused an increase in their in-plane lateral strength but reduced their ductility capacity. After toe crushing failure, axial instability of the model was prevented by a redistribution of gravity loads. VoR - Version of Record

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The damaged Cranmer Centre on the corner of Montreal and Armagh Streets shortly after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The east wall of the building has crumbled onto the street and a man in a hard hat and high-visibility vest is directing people around it. There is scaffolding on the south side of the building from repair works after the 4 September 2010 earthquake. The gable in the background has also collapsed.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team examining an earthquake-damaged building on Acton Street. The closest section of the outer wall has collapsed, and the bricks and other rubble have fallen onto the pavement in front. A boat which was being stored inside has toppled over and is now sticking out of the building.