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Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This shop caught fire when power restored caused sparks that ignited leaking gas, in the aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Colombo Street was eerily quiet and deserted during the Tuesday evening rush hour, in the aftermath of the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Red stickered building means no access, and the building may be condemned if it cannot be repaired; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The belfry of the St John the Baptist Church at Latimer Square was reduced to rubble by the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Cracks in the parapet of this beautiful Madras Street building that I walk past to / from work everyday; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Cracks in the parapet of this beautiful Madras Street building that I walk past to / from work everyday; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Cracks in the beam of this beautiful Madras Street building that I walk past to / from work everyday; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Red stickered door means that this pub on Madras Street is no-go due to structural damage suffered in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The Dick Smith Electronics shops at St Asaph Street / Colombo Street was extensively damaged in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The Dick Smith Electronics shops at St Asaph Street / Colombo Street was extensively damaged in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Yellow stickered building means restricted access, and the building will need to be repaired and certified fit for use; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The Dick Smith Electronics shops at St Asaph Street / Colombo Street was extensively damaged in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Deserted Tuam Street which is always busy during Tuesday evening rush hour, in the aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The belfry of the St John the Baptist Church at Latimer Square was reduced to rubble by the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Deserted Tuam Street which is always busy during Tuesday evening rush hour, in the aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The Dick Smith Electronics shops at St Asaph Street / Colombo Street was extensively damaged in the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

There will be some very upset kids this Christmas, as Santa will not be able to deliver their presents; aftermath of the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The belfry of the St John the Baptist Church at Latimer Square was reduced to rubble by the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Part of the parapet fell off from this Burger King outlet on Bealey Ave during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

The 22 February 2011, Mw6.2-6.3 Christchurch earthquake is the most costly earthquake to affect New Zealand, causing 181 fatalities and severely damaging thousands of residential and commercial buildings, and most of the city lifelines and infrastructure. This manuscript presents an overview of observed geotechnical aspects of this earthquake as well as some of the completed and on-going research investigations. A unique aspect, which is particularly emphasized, is the severity and spatial extent of liquefaction occurring in native soils. Overall, both the spatial extent and severity of liquefaction in the city was greater than in the preceding 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake, including numerous areas that liquefied in both events. Liquefaction and lateral spreading, variable over both large and short spatial scales, affected commercial structures in the Central Business District (CBD) in a variety of ways including: total and differential settlements and tilting; punching settlements of structures with shallow foundations; differential movements of components of complex structures; and interaction of adjacent structures via common foundation soils. Liquefaction was most severe in residential areas located to the east of the CBD as a result of stronger ground shaking due to the proximity to the causative fault, a high water table approximately 1m from the surface, and soils with composition and states of high susceptibility and potential for liquefaction. Total and differential settlements, and lateral movements, due to liquefaction and lateral spreading is estimated to have severely compromised 15,000 residential structures, the majority of which otherwise sustained only minor to moderate damage directly due to inertial loading from ground shaking. Liquefaction also had a profound effect on lifelines and other infrastructure, particularly bridge structures, and underground services. Minor damage was also observed at flood stop banks to the north of the city, which were more severely impacted in the 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake. Due to the large high-frequency ground motion in the Port hills numerous rock falls and landslides also occurred, resulting in several fatalities and rendering some residential areas uninhabitable.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

This manuscript provides a critical examination of the ground motions recorded in the near-source region resulting from the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake. Particular attention is given to reconciling the observed spatial distribution of ground motions in terms of physical phenomena related to source, path and site effects. The large number of near-source observed strong ground motions show clear evidence of: forward-directivity, basin generated surface waves, liquefaction and other significant nonlinear site response. The pseudo-acceleration response spectra (SA) amplitudes and significant duration of strong motions agree well with empirical prediction models, except at long vibration periods where the influence of basin-generated surface waves and nonlinear site response are significant and not adequately accounted for in empirical SA models. Pseudo-acceleration response spectra are also compared with those observed in the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake and routine design response spectra used in order to emphasise the amplitude of ground shaking and elucidate the importance of local geotechnical characteristics on surface ground motions. The characteristics of the observed vertical component accelerations are shown to be strongly dependent on source-to-site distance and are comparable with those from the 4 September 2010 Darfield earthquake, implying the large amplitudes observed are simply a result of many observations at close distances rather than a peculiar source effect.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Structures of the Lowry Peaks Range - Waikari Valley district are complex. The majority comprise three members of a predominantly WSW -ENE striking major northwards-directed, leading edge imbricate thrust system, with associated angular, asymmetric fault-propagation folds. This system forms anomalously within a large NESW trending belt of structures characterising the entire east coast of north Canterbury, both onshore and offshore and terminates westwards against N-S striking, east facing fold-fault zone. The objectives of this study address the origin, geometry and kinematics of the interaction between these diversely trending systems. Stratigraphy and small-scale structures denote three periods of deformation, namely: i) Middle Cretaceous deformation of the basement rocks, ii) weak Middle Oligocene deformation associated with the inception of the plate boundary through the South Island, and iii) major Pliocene - Recent deformation that formed the majority of the above-mentioned structures. Stress tensor analyses within competent basement and limestone cover rocks suggest two sets of sub-horizontal compression, NE-SW and NW-SE, the former likely to relate to a localised earlier period of deformation, now overprinted by the latter. NW-SE oriented sub-horizontal compression correlates well with results from other parts of north Canterbury. The result of NW-SE compression on the W-E to WSW-ENE striking structures is a large component of oblique motion, which is manifest in four ways: i) movement on two, differently oriented splays rather than a single fault strand, ii) the development of a sinuous trace for a number of the major folds, whereby the ends are oriented normal to the compression direction, the centres parallel to the strike of the faults, iii) the development of a number of cross-folds, striking NNE-SSW and iv) the apparently recent development of a strike-slip component on at least one of the major thrust faults. The origin of the W-E, or WSW-ENE striking structures may be reactivation of Late Cretaceous faults, stratigraphic evidence for the existence of a "structural high" (the Hurunui High) over the majority of the area in the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene times suggests the formation of a W-E trending horst structure, with a corresponding asymmetric graben to the south. The junction of WSW-ENE trending structures with N-S trending structures to the west centres on an alluvial-filled depression, Waikari Flat, into which the structures of the WSW-ENE trending imbricate thrust system plunge, locally curling to the SW at their ends to link with N-S trending structures to the south. Roof thrusting on two orientations, W-E and N-S, towards to SE is currently occurring above these structures. Currently the area is not highly seismically active, although a magnitude ~6.4 Ms earthquake in historic times has been recorded. The effects of tectonics on the drainage of the area does suggest that the majority of the systems, are still potentially active, albeit moving at a comparatively slow rate. The majority of the recent motion appears to be concentrated on the roof-thrusting occurring in Waikari Flat, and uplift along the Lowry Peaks Fault System. Increasing amounts of secondary movement on back-thrusts and cross fractures is also implied for western ends of the major imbricate thrust system. In contrast, the southern-most fault system appears to be largely sustaining dextral strike-slip motion, with some local folding in central portions.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Oblique-convergent plate collision between the Pacific and Australian plates across the South Island has resulted in shallow, upper crustal earthquake activity and ground surface deformation. In particular the Porters Pass - Amberley Fault Zone displays a complex hybrid zone of anastomosing dextral strike-slip and thrust/reverse faulting which includes the thrust/reverse Lees Valley Fault Zone and associated basin deformation. There is a knowledge gap with respect to the paleoseismicity of many of the faults in this region including the Lees Valley Fault Zone. This study aimed to investigate the earthquake history of the fault at a selected location and the structural and geomorphic development of the Lees Valley Fault Zone and eastern rangefront. This was investigated through extensive structural and geomorphic mapping, GPS field surveying, vertical aerial photo interpretation, analysis of Digital Elevation Models, paleoseismic trenching and optically stimulated luminescence dating. This thesis used a published model for tectonic geomorphology development of mountain rangefronts to understand the development of Lees Valley. Rangefront geomorphology is investigated through analysis of features such as rangefront sinuosity and faceted spurs and indicates the recently active and episodic nature of the uplifted rangefront. Analysis of fault discontinuity, fault splays, distribution of displacement, fault deformation zone and limited exposure of bedrock provided insight into the complex structure of the fault zone. These observations revealed preserved, earlier rangefronts, abandoned and uplifted within the eastern ranges, indicating a basinward shift in focus of faulting and an imbricate thrust wedge development propagating into the footwall of the fault zone and along the eastern ranges of Lees Valley. Fault scarp deformation analysis indicated multiple events have produced the deformation present preserved by the active fault trace in the northern valley. Vertical deformation along this scarp varied with a maximum of 11.5 m and an average of 5 m. Field mapping revealed fan surfaces of various ages have been offset and deformed, likely during the Holocene, based on expected relative surface ages. Geomorphic and structural mapping highlighted the effect of cross-cutting and inherited structures on the Lees Valley Fault, resulting in a step-over development in the centre of the eastern range-bounding trace. Paleoseismic trenching provided evidence of at least two earthquakes, which were constrained to post 21.6 ± 2.3 ka by optically stimulated luminescence dating. Single event displacements (1.48 ± 0.08 m), surface rupture earthquake magnitudes (Mw 6.7 ± 0.1, with potential to produce ≥ 7.0), and a minimum recurrence interval (3.6 ± 0.3 ka) indicated the Lees Valley Fault is an active structure capable of producing significant earthquake events. Results from this study indicate that the Lees Valley Fault Zone accommodates an important component of the Porters Pass - Amberley Fault Zone deformation and confirms the fault as a source of potentially damaging, peak ground accelerations in the Canterbury region. Remnants of previous rangefronts indicate a thrust wedge development of the Lees Valley Fault Zone and associated ranges that can potentially be used as a model of development for other thrust-fault bounded basins.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Toppled grain silos on the outskirts of Darfield near the epicentre of the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Toppled grain silos on the outskirts of Darfield near the epicentre of the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Damaged rose window of the St John the Baptist Church at Latimer Square; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Toppled grain silos on the outskirts of Darfield near the epicentre of the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Toppled grain silos on the outskirts of Darfield near the epicentre of the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Videos, eqnz.chch.2010

At Greendale Faultline on Highfield Road in mid-Canterbury, where the magnitude 7.1 earthquake on 4 September 2010 originated.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Repairs being carried out on this restaurant (converted from a church) at the Hereford Street / Manchester Street intersection;aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.