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Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Recent experiences from the Darfield and Canterbury, New Zealand earthquakes have shown that the soft soil condition of saturated liquefiable sand has a profound effect on seismic response of buildings, bridges and other lifeline infrastructure. For detailed evaluation of seismic response three dimensional integrated analysis comprising structure, foundation and soil is required; such an integrated analysis is referred to as Soil Foundation Structure Interaction (SFSI) in literatures. SFSI is a three-dimensional problem because of three primary reasons: first, foundation systems are three-dimensional in form and geometry; second, ground motions are three-dimensional, producing complex multiaxial stresses in soils, foundations and structure; and third, soils in particular are sensitive to complex stress because of heterogeneity of soils leading to a highly anisotropic constitutive behaviour. In literatures the majority of seismic response analyses are limited to plane strain configuration because of lack of adequate constitutive models both for soils and structures, and computational limitation. Such two-dimensional analyses do not represent a complete view of the problem for the three reasons noted above. In this context, the present research aims to develop a three-dimensional mathematical formulation of an existing plane-strain elasto-plastic constitutive model of sand developed by Cubrinovski and Ishihara (1998b). This model has been specially formulated to simulate liquefaction behaviour of sand under ground motion induced earthquake loading, and has been well-validated and widely implemented in verifcation of shake table and centrifuge tests, as well as conventional ground response analysis and evaluation of case histories. The approach adopted herein is based entirely on the mathematical theory of plasticity and utilises some unique features of the bounding surface plasticity formalised by Dafalias (1986). The principal constitutive parameters, equations, assumptions and empiricism of the existing plane-strain model are adopted in their exact form in the three-dimensional version. Therefore, the original two-dimensional model can be considered as a true subset of the three-dimensional form; the original model can be retrieved when the tensorial quantities of the three dimensional version are reduced to that of the plane-strain configuration. Anisotropic Drucker-Prager type failure surface has been adopted for the three-dimensional version to accommodate triaxial stress path. Accordingly, a new mixed hardening rule based on Mroz’s approach of homogeneous surfaces (Mroz, 1967) has been introduced for the virgin loading surface. The three-dimensional version is validated against experimental data for cyclic torsional and triaxial stress paths.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Smoke billowing from the remains of the collapsed Canterbury Television building on Madras Street. Below, emergency personnel are searching through the rubble for trapped people. A piece of corrugated plastic is being used to slide pieces of debris off the site.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a corridor in the Diabetes Centre. The panelling has been taken off the walls in some of the adjoining rooms, exposing the wooden frames, insulation, and wires underneath. Plastic sheeting has been used to cover the carpet and furniture throughout.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Emergency personnel searching for people trapped in the collapsed Canterbury Television Building on Madras Street. Their efforts include using a piece of corrugated plastic as a slide to remove objects from the rubble. Smoke can be seen rising from the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph looking down Manchester Street from the corner of High and Manchester Streets. Damage can be seen to buildings on the right, and temporary plastic fencing has been erected to keep people away. The rest of the stores are open.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Canterbury Provincial Chambers on Durham Street. The building has been cordoned off with wire fencing and the roof covered by plastic sheeting. Much of the masonry has been removed and a wooden structure constructed inside. A crane can be seen behind.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Emergency personnel searching for people trapped in the collapsed Canterbury Television Building on Madras Street. On the right, a sheet of corrugated plastic is being used to slide pieces of debris off the building. Smoke is billowing from the ruins, which are still partly on fire.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Emergency personnel searching for people trapped in the collapsed Canterbury Television Building on Madras Street. On the right, a sheet of corrugated plastic is being used to slide pieces of debris off the building. Smoke is billowing from the ruins, which are still partly on fire.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a kitchen in the Diabetes Centre. Several power tools have been left on the bench and a roll of plastic sheeting has been propped up against it. A hole has been cut in the wall behind to expose several pipes and wires.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A toppled chimney on a house in Christchurch. The chimney has toppled onto the house but luckily not broken through the roof. It is now broken and lying on the corrugated iron. Below, plastic sheeting has been placed along the side of the roof to replace the missing gutter.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A close-up photograph of plastic bottles that were part of a temporary installation titled ING. ING was created by students from Unitec for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, Canterbury Museum

One green and yellow soft sculpture kakapo with wire feet, stuffed body and black plastic eyes. Has an attached card naming the bird Little Ra and explaining it is part of the 'Journey - The Kakapo of Christchurch' project by artist Sayraphim Lothian.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

St Pauls Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church on the corner of Cashel and Madras Streets. Scaffolding has been placed around the left dome of the building which was damaged during the 4 September earthquake. Plastic has also been placed over the dome to protect the inside from weather damage.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

St Pauls Trinity-Pacific Presbyterian Church on the corner of Cashel and Madras Streets. Scaffolding has been placed around the left dome of the building which was damaged during the 4 September earthquake. Plastic has also been placed over the dome to protect the inside from weather damage.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Loyal Benevolent Lodge on Canon Street. The top of the façade has crumbled, and the bricks have fallen oto the ground, taking the awning with them. Plastic fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, Canterbury Museum

Plastic and wood model of three liquefaction volcanoes. The working model pumps water over the grey surface which is decorated with a basket of laundry, a bucket of pegs and a football. The model is surrounded by artificial green grass and rests atop a black wooden base.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team walking down Lichfield Street. Plastic fencing and road cones have been placed along both sides of the road as cordons. Behind the fences are piles of bricks and other rubble from the buildings above.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team walking down Lichfield Street. Plastic fencing and road cones have been placed along both sides of the road as cordons. Behind the fences are piles of bricks and other rubble from the buildings above.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph looking west down Lichfield Street towards the intersection of Manchester Street. Bricks and other rubble from the earthquake-damaged buildings on either side of the road have scattered on the footpath and street. Road cones and plastic fencing has been used as cordons.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team walking down Lichfield Street. Plastic fencing and road cones have been placed along both sides of the road as cordons. Behind the fences are piles of bricks and other rubble from the buildings above.