One portrait colour digital photograph taken on 25 February 2011 showing a helicopter using a monsoon bucket to wash away unstable rocks from cliffs behind the Lyttelton Container Terminal. One of the immediate priorities in Lyttelton was stabilising the transport routes both from Lyttelton to Christchurch and the port infrastructure so that go...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 25 February 2011 showing damage to the Lyttelton Police Station on Sumner Road and London Street. Photograph taken looking west from St Davids Street. In December 2011, the New Zealand Police decided that the Lyttelton Police Station would be demolished. The building, which opened in 1882 was re...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 9 March 2011 showing a handmade heart cut from a cream woollen blanket with the words "KIA KAHA LONDON STREET" stitched on in a variety of colours of wool. A smaller heart of red fabric with a white heart pattern is stitched to the base of the heart. The artwork is tied to the fence with three str...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 9 March 2011 showing the temporary stall established by the Lyttelton Coffee Company London Street. The coffee machine is located in the porch of the Lyttelton Library with a gazebo and seating located on the footpath. One of the characteristics which has been evident in the response to the earth...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 27 April 2011 showing the demolition of the Royal Hotel on the corner of Norwich Quay and Canterbury Street. The hotel building shown in this photograph was the third on the site since 1851. It was built in 1916 as a replacement for the first Royal Hotel. The Royal Hotel was established in 1870 a...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 27 April 2011 showing the site occupied by the Volcano Restaurant, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and Coastal Living Design Store on London Street. The demolition of the Harbourlight Theatre is visible to the left of the photograph. The photograph is taken from Canterbury Street. The small siz...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 9 March 2011 showing a string of handmade bunting made from a cream woollen blanket with "KIA KAHA LYTTELTON" stitched onto the pennants in red wool. The Fence was located around the street frontages of the Royal Hotel on the Corner of Norwich Quay and Canterbury Street. Also visible in the photo...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 27 April 2011 showing the demolition of the premises of Ground Delicatessen on the corner of Canterbury and London Streets. The photograph is taken from Canterbury Street. The site formerly occupied by Ground Delicatessen was made available for a Gap Filler initiative called the Lyttelton Petanqu...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 27 April 2011 showing the demolition of the Harbourlight Theatre on London Street. In the background of the photo the damage to headstones in the Roman Catholic and Dissenters sections of the cemetery on Reserve Terrace can be seen. Architect In Christchurch's Central Business District many of the...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 13 May 2011 looking northwest from the Gaol Steps. In the foreground is the edge of the Lyttelton Rose Garden, the safety fencing around the Upham Clock is visible. Below this is the intersection of Winchester and Oxford Streets. Prominent in the mid ground are the Catholic Church of St Joseph the...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 11 May 2011 showing part of the window of Lyttelton Sea Foods on London Street. A handwritten sign taped to the window apologises for the shop's closure. The Restricted Use (yellow) placard is also taped to the window. With many of the commercial buildings in Lyttelton damaged or demolished, busi...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 13 May 2011 showing the replacement of concrete blocks with plywood cladding on the exterior of the Backroom Bar of the Wunderbar. The bar is located above the former supermarket on London Street in Lyttelton. Photograph taken from the car park on the south side of the building. Interruption to t...
One portrait colour digital photograph taken on 8 June 2011 of a sign advertising Matariki Celebrations in Lyttelton. The sign is a printed piece of paper which has been laminated and attached to the fence on the site of the Volcano Restaurant on the corner of London and Canterbury Streets. The cleared site is visible through the fence in the ba...
One portrait colour digital photograph taken on 15 April 2011 showing the demolition of Coastal Living Design Store on London Street. This photograph shows the building's flagpole being salvaged for the building owner during the demolition. Also visible are the stock and shop fittings which were unable to be retrieved. In Christchurch's Centra...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 8 June 2011 showing the site of the Volcano Restaurant on the corner of London and Canterbury Streets. The site is fenced with temporary fencing. The concrete of the floor of the building is visible. On the fence are two artworks, both made from woollen blankets. One, made from a cream blanket is ...
One portrait colour digital photograph taken on 8 June 2011 of a sign advertising a Whakahorohoro Ceremony in Lyttelton. The sign is a printed piece of paper which has been laminated and attached to the fence on the site of Ground Delicatessen on the corner of London and Canterbury Streets. The cleared site is visible through the fence in the ba...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 15 April 2011 showing the demolition of the Volcano Restaurant, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and Coastal Living Design Store on the corner of London and Canterbury Streets. In Christchurch's Central Business District many of the high profile demolitions took place out of public view in the ...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 13 May 2011 showing Lyttelton Main School viewed from above near the top of the Gaol Steps between Oxford and St Davids Streets. The photograph is taken at an angle. Several subsequently demolished buildings are visible beyond the school including (from left to right) Lyttelton Police Station, th...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 13 May 2011 showing the damage to the Gaol Steps between Oxford and St Davids Streets and the upper playground of Lyttelton Main School. The Gaol Steps are a pedestrian link between Oxford and St Davids Streets. In October 2013 these steps were closed and barricaded with temporary fencing because...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 8 June 2011 showing the site of the Harbourlight Theatre on London Street. The site is fenced off, on the fence is the same heart shape which appears tied to a fence in a different part of London Street in 2013.17.39 A white painted wooden cross has been placed in the ground with 24 [street numbe...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 15 April 2011 showing the demolition of the Volcano Restaurant, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and Coastal Living Design Store on the corner of London and Canterbury Streets. Also visible is a placard advertising a Community Briefing to be held on 17 April 2011. In Christchurch's Central Bu...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 14 July 2011 showing the demolition of the former Canterbury Hotel on the corner of Norwich Quay and Oxford Street. At the time of demolition the ground floor was occupied by the Magma Gallery. Also visible in the photograph are the Old Post Office, Lyttelton Takeaways (corrugated iron walls) and ...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 19 May 2011 showing the partial demolition of the old Lyttelton Harbour Board Offices on the corner of Oxford Street and Norwich Quay. The photograph shows the upper floor of the original part of the building being removed and a temporary roof being constructed over the ground floor. At the time o...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 11 June 2011 showing the demolition of the old Lyttelton Library, Council Chambers and Magistrates' Court on the corner of Oxford Street and Sumner Road. The photograph shows the upper floor of the building being demolished with a high reach digger and a jet of water being played on the building ...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 14 July 2011 showing the demolition of the former Canterbury Hotel on the corner of Norwich Quay and Oxford Street. At the time of demolition the ground floor was occupied by the Magma Gallery. Also visible in the photograph are 'Tin Palace' and a former office building which shows repairs made by...
One landscape colour digital photograph taken on 6 September 2011 showing the temporary theatre erected on the site of the Volcano Café on London Street for a production of Macbeth by The Loons Circus Theatre Company. The green canopy supported on shipping containers was used to shelter the audience. The stage area was the demolition site partia...
Currently there is a worldwide renaissance in timber building design. At the University of Canterbury, new structural systems for commercial multistorey timber buildings have been under development since 2005. These systems incorporate large timber sections connected by high strength post-tensioning tendons, and timber-concrete composite floor systems, and aim to compete with existing structural systems in terms of cost, constructability, operational and seismic performance. The development of post-tensioned timber systems has created a need for improved lateral force design approaches for timber buildings. Current code provisions for seismic design are based on the strength of the structure, and do not adequately account for its deformation. Because timber buildings are often governed by deflection, rather than strength, this can lead to the exceedence of design displacement limitations imposed by New Zealand codes. Therefore, accurate modeling approaches which define both the strength and deformation of post-tensioned timber buildings are required. Furthermore, experimental testing is required to verify the accuracy of these models. This thesis focuses on the development and experimental verification of modeling approaches for the lateral force design of post-tensioned timber frame and wall buildings. The experimentation consisted of uni-direcitonal and bi-directional quasi-static earthquake simulation on a two-thirds scale, two-storey post-tensioned timber frame and wall building with timber-concrete composite floors. The building was subjected to lateral drifts of up to 3% and demonstrated excellent seismic performance, exhibiting little damage. The building was instrumented and analyzed, providing data for the calibration of analytical and numerical models. Analytical and numerical models were developed for frame, wall and floor systems that account for significant deformation components. The models predicted the strength of the structural systems for a given design performance level. The static responses predicted by the models were compared with both experimental data and finite element models to evaluate their accuracy. The frame, wall and floor models were then incorporated into an existing lateral force design procedure known as displacement-based design and used to design several frame and wall structural systems. Predictions of key engineering demand parameters, such as displacement, drift, interstorey shear, interstorey moment and floor accelerations, were compared with the results of dynamic time-history analysis. It was concluded that the numerical and analytical models, presented in this thesis, are a sound basis for determining the lateral response of post-tensioned timber buildings. However, future research is required to further verify and improve these prediction models.
This paper presents an overview of the soil profile characteristics at strong motion station (SMS) locations in the Christchurch Central Business District (CBD) based on recently completed geotechnical site investigations. Given the variability of Christchurch soils, detailed investigations were needed in close vicinity to each SMS. In this regard, CPT, SPT and borehole data, and shear wave velocity (Vs) profiles from surface wave dispersion data in close vicinity to the SMSs have been used to develop detailed representative soil profiles at each site and to determine site classes according to the New Zealand standard NZS1170.5. A disparity between the NZS1170.5 site classes based on Vs and SPT N60 investigation techniques is highlighted, and additional studies are needed to harmonize site classification based on these techniques. The short period mode of vibration of soft deposits above gravels, which are found throughout Christchurch, are compared to the long period mode of vibration of the entire soil profile to bedrock. These two distinct modes of vibration require further investigation to determine their impact on the site response. According to current American and European approaches to seismic site classification, all SMSs were classified as problematic soil sites due to the presence of liquefiable strata, soils which are not directly accounted for by the NZS1170.5 approach.
Tertiary students, not just working populations, might be experiencing feelings of burnout following the Christchurch earthquakes of 2010 and 2011. In the aftermath of a major disaster, the gap between the resources available to handle pressures (e.g., support) and the demands inherent in the pursuit of an academic degree (e.g., heavy workload) may lead to feelings of burnout among students. This study hypothesised that burnout dimensions (emotional exhaustion and disengagement) would be related to students’ perceptions of immediate institutional support, extended institutional support, peer support, family support, and work overload. Additionally, it was proposed that institutional and social support would moderate the relationship between work overload and burnout. Two hundred and seventy one third and fourth year students were sampled using an online questionnaire. These particular students were expected to be at greater risk of emotional exhaustion and academic disengagement because they were at the earliest stage of their tertiary education when the major earthquakes first hit. Family support and extended institutional support were found to be associated with decreased levels of emotional exhaustion and disengagement. Meanwhile, work overload was found to be related to increased levels of emotional exhaustion and disengagement. Furthermore, both peer support and immediate institutional support were found to have a moderating effect on the relationship between work overload and disengagement. This study has exposed unique findings which contribute to burnout research especially in a post-disaster context, and raises the importance of providing the right types of support for individuals who are particularly dealing with the consequences of a natural disaster.
This thesis is concerned with modelling rockfall parameters associated with cliff collapse debris and the resultant “ramp” that formed following the high peak ground acceleration (PGA) events of 22 February 2011 and 13 June 2011. The Christchurch suburb of Redcliffs, located at the base of the Port Hills on the northern side of Banks Peninsula, New Zealand, is comprised of Miocene-age volcanics with valley-floor infilling marine sediments. The area is dominated by basaltic lava flows of the Mt Pleasant Formation, which is a suite of rocks forming part of the Lyttelton Volcanic Group that were erupted 11.0-10.0Ma. Fresh exposure enabled the identification of a basaltic ignimbrite unit at the study site overlying an orange tuff unit that forms a marker horizon spanning the length of the field area. Prior to this thesis, basaltic ignimbrite on Banks Peninsula has not been recorded, so descriptions and interpretations of this unit are the first presented. Mapping of the cliff face by remote observation, and analysis of hand samples collected from the base of the debris slopes, has identified a very strong (>200MPa), columnar-jointed, welded unit, and a very weak (<5MPa), massive, so-called brecciated unit that together represent the end-member components of the basaltic ignimbrite. Geochemical analysis shows the welded unit is picrite basalt, and the brecciated unit is hawaiite, making both clearly distinguishable from the underlying trachyandesite tuff. RocFall™ 4.0 was used to model future rockfalls at Redcliffs. RocFall™ is a two-dimensional (2D), hybrid, probabilistic modelling programme for which topographical profile data is used to generate slope profiles. GNS Science collected the data used for slope profile input in March 2011. An initial sensitivity analysis proved the Terrestrial Laser Scan (TLS)-derived slope to be too detailed to show any results when the slope roughness parameter was tested. A simplified slope profile enabled slope roughness to be varied, however the resulting model did not correlate with field observations as well. By using slope profile data from March 2011, modelled rockfall behaviour has been calibrated with observed rockfall runout at Redcliffs in the 13 June 2011 event to create a more accurate rockfall model. The rockfall model was developed on a single slope profile (Section E), with the chosen model then applied to four other section lines (A-D) to test the accuracy of the model, and to assess future rockfall runout across a wider area. Results from Section Lines A, B, and E correlate very well with field observations, with <=5% runout exceeding the modelled slope, and maximum bounce height at the toe of the slope <=1m. This is considered to lie within observed limits given the expectation that talus slopes will act as a ramp on which modelled rocks travel further downslope. Section Lines C and D produced higher runout percentage values than the other three section lines (23% and 85% exceeding the base of the slope, respectively). Section D also has a much higher maximum bounce height at the toe of the slope (~8.0m above the slope compared to <=1.0m for the other four sections). Results from modelling of all sections shows the significance of the ratio between total cliff height (H) and horizontal slope distance (x), and of maximum drop height to the top of the talus (H*) and horizontal slope distance (x). H/x can be applied to the horizontal to vertical ratio (H:V) as used commonly to identify potential slope instability. Using the maximum value from modelling at Redcliffs, the future runout limit can be identified by applying a 1.4H:1V ratio to the remainder of the cliff face. Additionally, the H*/x parameter shows that when H*/x >=0.6, the percentage of rock runout passing the toe of the slope will exceed 5%. When H*/x >=0.75, the maximum bounce height at the toe of the slope can be far greater than when H*/x is below this threshold. Both of these parameters can be easily obtained, and can contribute valuable guideline data to inform future land-use planning decisions. This thesis project has demonstrated the applicability of a 2D probabilistic-based model (RocFall™ 4.0) to evaluate rockfall runout on the talus slope (or ramp) at the base of ~35-70m high cliff with a basaltic ignimbrite source. Limitations of the modelling programme have been identified, in particular difficulties with adjusting modelled roughness of the slope profile and the inability to consider fragmentation. The runout profile using RocFall™ has been successfully calibrated against actual profiles and some anomalous results have been identified.