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Research papers, Victoria University of Wellington

The last seven years have seen southern New Zealand a ected by several large and damaging earthquakes: the moment magnitude (MW) 7.8 Dusky Sound earthquake on 15 July 2009, the MW 7.1 Dar eld (Canterbury) earthquake on 4 September 2010, and most notably the MW 6.2 Christchurch earthquake on 22 February 2011 and the protracted aftershock sequence. In this thesis, we address the postseismic displacement produced by these earthquakes using methods of satellite-based geodetic measurement, known as Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS), and computational modelling.  We observe several ground displacement features in the Canterbury and Fiordland regions during three periods: 1) Following the Dusky Sound earthquake; 2) Following the Dar eld earthquake and prior to the Christchurch earthquake; and 3) Following the Christchurch earthquake until February 2015.  The ground displacement associated with postseismic motion following the Dusky Sound earthquake has been measured by continuous and campaign GPS data acquired in August 2009, in conjunction with Di erential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) observations. We use an afterslip model, estimated by temporal inversion of geodetic data, with combined viscoelastic rebound model to account for the observed spatio-temporal patterns of displacement. The two postseismic processes together induce a signi cant displacement corresponding to principal extensional and contractual strain rates of the order of 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻⁸ yr⁻¹ respectively, across most of the southern South Island.  We also analyse observed postseismic displacement following the Dusky Sound earthquake using a new inversion approach in order to describe afterslip in an elasticviscoelastic medium. We develop a mathematical framework, namely the "Iterative Decoupling of Afterslip and Viscoelastic rebound (IDAV)" method, with which to invert temporally dense and spatially sparse geodetic observations. We examine the IDAV method using both numerical and analytical simulations of Green's functions.  For the post-Dar eld time interval, postseismic signals are measured within approximately one month of the mainshock. The dataset used for the post-Dar eld displacement spans the region surrounding previously unrecognised faults that ruptured during the mainshock. Poroelastic rebound in a multi-layered half-space and dilatancy recovery at shallow depths provide a satisfactory t with the observations.  For the post-Christchurch interval, campaign GPS data acquired in February 2012 to February 2015 in four successive epochs and 66 TerraSAR-X (TSX) SAR acquisitions in descending orbits between March 2011 and May 2014 reveal approximately three years of postseismic displacement. We detect movement away from the satellite of ~ 3 mm/yr in Christchurch and a gradient of displacement of ~ 4 mm/yr across a lineament extending from the westernmost end of the Western Christchurch Fault towards the eastern end of the Greendale East Fault. The postseismic signals following the Christchurch earthquake are mainly accounted for by afterslip models on the subsurface lineament and nearby faults.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

© 2017 The Royal Society of New Zealand. This paper discusses simulated ground motion intensity, and its underlying modelling assumptions, for great earthquakes on the Alpine Fault. The simulations utilise the latest understanding of wave propagation physics, kinematic earthquake rupture descriptions and the three-dimensional nature of the Earth's crust in the South Island of New Zealand. The effect of hypocentre location is explicitly examined, which is found to lead to significant differences in ground motion intensities (quantified in the form of peak ground velocity, PGV) over the northern half and southwest of the South Island. Comparison with previously adopted empirical ground motion models also illustrates that the simulations, which explicitly model rupture directivity and basin-generated surface waves, lead to notably larger PGV amplitudes than the empirical predictions in the northern half of the South Island and Canterbury. The simulations performed in this paper have been adopted, as one possible ground motion prediction, in the ‘Project AF8’ Civil Defence Emergency Management exercise scenario. The similarity of the modelled ground motion features with those observed in recent worldwide earthquakes as well as similar simulations in other regions, and the notably higher simulated amplitudes than those from empirical predictions, may warrant a re-examination of regional impact assessments for major Alpine Fault earthquakes.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

At 00:02 on 14th November 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in and offshore of the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. Fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, and co-seismic landslides caused severe damage to distributed infrastructure, and particularly transportation networks; large segments of the country’s main highway, State Highway 1 (SH1), and the Main North Line (MNL) railway line, were damaged between Picton and Christchurch. The damage caused direct local impacts, including isolation of communities, and wider regional impacts, including disruption of supply chains. Adaptive measures have ensured immediate continued regional transport of goods and people. Air and sea transport increased quickly, both for emergency response and to ensure routine transport of goods. Road diversions have also allowed critical connections to remain operable. This effective response to regional transport challenges allowed Civil Defence Emergency Management to quickly prioritise access to isolated settlements, all of which had road access 23 days after the earthquake. However, 100 days after the earthquake, critical segments of SH1 and the MNL remain closed and their ongoing repairs are a serious national strategic, as well as local, concern. This paper presents the impacts on South Island transport infrastructure, and subsequent management through the emergency response and early recovery phases, during the first 100 days following the initial earthquake, and highlights lessons for transportation system resilience.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

At 00:02 on 14th November 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in and offshore of the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. Fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, and co-seismic landslides caused severe damage to distributed infrastructure, and particularly transportation networks; large segments of the country’s main highway, State Highway 1 (SH1), and the Main North Line (MNL) railway line, were damaged between Picton and Christchurch. The damage caused direct local impacts, including isolation of communities, and wider regional impacts, including disruption of supply chains. Adaptive measures have ensured immediate continued regional transport of goods and people. Air and sea transport increased quickly, both for emergency response and to ensure routine transport of goods. Road diversions have also allowed critical connections to remain operable. This effective response to regional transport challenges allowed Civil Defence Emergency Management to quickly prioritise access to isolated settlements, all of which had road access 23 days after the earthquake. However, 100 days after the earthquake, critical segments of SH1 and the MNL remain closed and their ongoing repairs are a serious national strategic, as well as local, concern. This paper presents the impacts on South Island transport infrastructure, and subsequent management through the emergency response and early recovery phases, during the first 100 days following the initial earthquake, and highlights lessons for transportation system resilience.

Audio, Radio New Zealand

A review of the week's news including... National MP Todd Barclay falls on his sword while Labour is in damage control, the decision to not prosecute the Pike River Mine CEO is to be contested in the Supreme Court, the lawyer for Akshay Chand says she sought bail on his behalf believing his mother and aunt would monitor his every movement, The Education Ministry is forced to apologise for its flawed handling of school closures and mergers after the 2011 Canterbury earthquake, The Health Minister is forced to defend his embattled Ministry following a major budget blunder, employment lawyers aren't surprised another health sector group is taking a pay equity claim, Ministry for Primary Industries officials come under fire at a packed Stewart Island public meeting on the cull of the island's farmed oysters, it's Plan B for a crowd funded initiative that wants to take control of Dunedin's Cadbury factory and All Black great Sir Colin 'pinetree' Meads has been immortalised in bronze.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An image from a Army News March 2011 article titled, "Territorial Force". The image shows members of the Central and Lower North Island Territorial Units clearing silt from a resident's garden in east Christchurch. On the left is Private Quentin Chat of Taranaki, and Corporal Samuel Hatcher of Wellington is on the right.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Aftermath of the earthquake in Christchurch where the cleanup has begun. Shoreham Courts, City Council owned flats on Admirals Way in New Brighton are an island of isolation with no water or sewerage although all around them have. Lorraine Burrows, left, her son, Jamie, 8, right, and Charllisa Sutton-Taylor, centre".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. The Kobussen family all pitched in to clear their grandmother's Kaiapoi driveway. (L-R) Josh (11), Henny (father) and Luke (14)".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. The Kobussen family all pitched in to clear their grandmother's Kaiapoi driveway. (L-R) Josh (11), Henny (father) and Luke (14)".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. The Kobussen family all pitched in to clear their grandmother's Kaiapoi driveway. (L-R) Josh (11), Henny (father) and Luke (14)".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. The Kobussen family all pitched in to clear their grandmother's Kaiapoi driveway. (L-R) Josh (11), Henny (father) and Luke (14)".

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Telegraph Road was a straight road before the recent 7.1 magnitude earthquake. The fault ran right through here and now the road has a dramatic kink in it.

Images, Canterbury Museum

One Historic Places Trust report for Homebush Station. Homebush was in the process of being registered as a Historic Place, and this report was underway, when the homestead was severely damaged by the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Homebush Station was in the process of being registered as an historic place by the New Zealand Historic Places Trus...

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Landmark Kaiapoi store, Blackwell's department store, is pulled down after the earthquake - the store was deemed too dangerous and the delicate demolition started immediately".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Marsha Witehira had the bricks from the wall of her house fall onto her bed where she was sleeping. Both sides of her house have collapsed".

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

The city centre and Tuahiwi Marae, the home of Ngāi Tūāhuriri, are now linked by names. The Anglican cathedral and Tuahiwi’s church, both called St Stephens, sit on land called Whitireia. Whitireia was the house of Paekia, the ancestor who landed on the North Island on the back of a whale at Tūranga, which is now the name of Christchurch’s city library.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A plaque for an artwork on the corner of High Street and Tuam Street reads "'Corgis on High'. A Christchurch City Council Public Artwork. Artist David Marshall. Proudly Sponsored by Central City Revitalisation Project, Christchurch City Council, Lion Foundation, McKenzie and Willis Ltd. Supported by South Island Welsh Corgi League. 6 December 2003." The photographer comments, "The corgis have been removed. Temporarily??".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Landmark Kaiapoi store, Blackwell's department store, is pulled down after the earthquake - the store was deemed too dangerous and the delicate demolition started immediately".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Aftermath of the earthquake in Christchurch where the cleanup has begun. Shoreham Courts, City Council owned flats on Admirals Way in New Brighton are an island of isolation with no water or sewerage although all around them have. Lorraine Burrows, centre left, her son, Jamie, 8, left, Charllisa Sutton-Taylor and Oceana Rawiri at right".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Members of the Blackwells family watch as their Kaiapoi landmark store is pulled down after the earthquake - the store was deemed too dangerous and demolition started immediately".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Landmark Kaiapoi store, Blackwell's department store, is pulled down after the earthquake - the store was deemed too dangerous and the delicate demolition started immediately".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Marsha Witehira had the bricks from the wall of her house fall onto her bed where she was sleeping. Both sides of her house have collapsed".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Anna Lipsham begins the clean up at Ashton, Wheelans and Hegan in Kaiapoi. Lipsham empties dirt from the building into a large fissure in the road".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Anna Lipsham begins the clean up at Ashton, Wheelans and Hegan in Kaiapoi. Lipsham empties dirt from the building into a large fissure in the road".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch Earthquake. A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city. Warren Lipsham begins the clean up at Ashton, Wheelans and Hegan in Kaiapoi. Lipsham empties dirt from the building into a large fissure in the road".

Images, Canterbury Museum

One expandable oblong brown fabric bag produced by Christchurch church group Rechurch; black and green writing on the front and back. Used to deliver lunch to Student Volunteer Army clean up parties after the 4 September 2010 earthquake. This reusable fabric bag from the church group Rechurch, Christchurch was used to deliver lunches to the stu...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One white dust mask with elastic strap to secure around the head. Black printing on the front reads: '3M 8000 / P1 / AS/NZS 1716'. Used by Student Volunteer Army in the clean up after 4 September 2010 earthquake. Face masks were recommended by Christchurch Public Health staff as a safety precaution for those handling liquefaction. Liquefaction ...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One black plastic barrelled wheelbarrow with a blue metal frame, black rubber handles and a pneumatic tyre; manufacturer's name in white on long sides and torn promotional label on short side near handles. Barrel is well used and contains remnants of liquefaction. Used by Student Volunteer Army in the clean up after 4 September 2010 earthquake. ...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One white over-painted hand-made electric guitar made primarily from ash and maple timbers, also incorporating wood from a variety of historic buildings in Canterbury damaged or destroyed in the 2010 - 2011 earthquakes including the Arts Centre, Kutwell’s Warehouse, Lyttleton main street pub, Timeball Station, Carlton Hotel, Merivale shops, bui...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One white cotton t-shirt with red printed guitar logo on front and ‘Band / Together / Concert / for / Canterbury // 23rd October / Hagley Park’ in black and red writing, guitar logo and names of performers on the reverse. This concert was a free morale booster following the 4 September 2010 earthquake. The 4 September 2010 earthquake unsettled ...