Earthquakes are insured only with public sector involvement in high-income countries where the risk of earthquakes is perceived to be high. The proto-typical examples of this public sector involvement are the public earthquake insurance schemes in California, Japan, and New Zealand (NZ). Each of these insurance programs is structured differently, and the purpose of this paper is to examine these differences using a concrete case-study, the sequence of earthquakes that occurred in the Christchurch, New Zealand, in 2011. This event turned out to have been the most heavily insured earthquake event in history. We examine what would have been the outcome of the earthquakes had the system of insurance in NZ been different. In particular, we focus on the public earthquake insurance programs in California (the California Earthquake Authority - CEA), and in Japan (Japanese Earthquake Reinsurance - JER). Overall, the aggregate cost to the public insurer in NZ was $NZ 11.1 billion in its response to the earthquakes. If a similar-sized disaster event had occurred in Japan and California, homeowners would have received $NZ 2.5 billion and $NZ 1.4 billion from the JER and CEA, respectively. We further describe the spatial and distributive patterns of these different scenarios.
We measure the longer-term effect of a major earthquake on the local economy, using night-time light intensity measured from space, and investigate whether insurance claim payments for damaged residential property affected the local recovery process. We focus on the destructive Christchurch earthquake of 2011 as our case study. In this event more than 95% of residential housing units were covered by insurance, but insurance payments were staggered over 5 years, enabling us to identify their local impact. We find that night-time luminosity can capture the process of recovery and describe the recovery’s determinants. We also find that insurance payments contributed significantly to the process of economic recovery after the earthquake, but delayed payments were less affective and cash settlement of claims were more affective in contributing to local recovery than insurance-managed rebuilding.
We estimate the causal effects of a large unanticipated natural disaster on high schoolers’ university enrolment decisions and subsequent medium-term labour market outcomes. Using national administrative data after a destructive earthquake in New Zealand, we estimate that the disaster raises tertiary education enrolment of recent high school graduates by 6.1 percentage points. The effects are most pronounced for males, students who are academically weak relative to their peers, and students from schools directly damaged by the disaster. As relatively low ability males are overrepresented in sectors of the labour market helped by the earthquake, greater demand for university may stem from permanent changes in deeper behavioural parameters such as risk aversion or time preference, rather than as a coping response to poor economic opportunities.
This paper begins with a discussion of the history of negligent manslaughter in New Zealand and its development from the standard of ordinary negligence to the current test of a “major departure” from the expected standard of care, as set out under s 150A of the Crimes Act 1961. The paper then examines failings in s 150A’s current application, arguing that the “major departure” test has created injustices due to its strictly objective nature. Two examples of this are discussed in-depth, Bawa-Garba v R (UK) where a doctor was convicted of grossly negligent manslaughter for the death of her patient; and the decision not to prosecute the negligent engineers of the CTV building which collapsed in the Christchurch earthquake of 2011. The paper discusses three potential resolutions moving forward. It concludes that a more subjective interpretation of the wording of s 150A, which takes account of circumstances excusing or condemning a defendant’s conduct, would prevent future injustices and be a reasonably open interpretation on the wording of s 150A.
A huge arm tattooed with words depicting various kinds of violence and anti-social behaviour like 'brawls', 'assault', 'drugs', rape', 'theft' etc and with the letters of the word 'HATE' on each of the four fingers, squeezes New Zealand. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A man stares at an enormous roadsign reading 'Cleanup' that dwarfs a smaller one pointing to Canterbury. Refers to the damage resulting from the Christchurch earthquake of 4th September 2010. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Offers new lyrics to familiar Christmas carols based on current events in Christchurch, New Zealand. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Shows a group of snails working on the rebuild of Christchurch. Refers to the slow pace of recovery after February 2011 earthquake in Canterbury. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
The word 'AFTERSHOCKS' appears printed across the Canterbury landscape. Text reads 'Canterbury from the air...' Refers to the earthquake of 4th September and the frequent aftershocks that continued for at least two weeks. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A silt castle has been built by Christchurch East that wins the competition. Context: The eastern suburbs have had a lot of problems with liquefaction following earthquakes and aftershocks. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A red and black flag - Canterbury colours - showing silhouettes of the 185 people who died in the Christchurch earthquake of February 22nd 2011. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Refers to the Christchurch manufacturer of Sanitarium marmite that has been forced to close down because of earthquake damage. There is a national shortage which is causing much grief. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Shows a aerial representation of Christchurch's eastern suburbs with the course of the Avon River. The new river course spells the word 'munted'. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A man labeled `rate payers' lifts an elephant labeled `convention centre' high over his head. Refers to recent calls for tenders from groups to build a new convention centre in Christchurch. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Caricature of Roger Sutton, the State Services Commissioner, who has been appointed chief executive of the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA). Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
The cartoon shows a tall candle representing 'rescuers' from which a flame of 'courage' burns. Below are broken stones creating the name 'Christchurch'. Context - The Christchurch earthquake 22 February 2011. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Someone representing 'government', 'neighbours', 'firemen', 'friends' etc, all of which are printed on a her tshirt, reaches down with a 'helping hand' to 'Canterbury'. Refers to the Canterbury of 4th September 2010. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
The cartoon shows the letters of the name 'Christchurch' as blocks of stone that have collapsed into a pile of rubble; on top is a single rose. Refers to the Christchurch earthquake of Saturday 4th September 2010. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Dr Dolly observes the devastation of Christchurch on television and falls into a philosophical reverie about the unfairness of fate. Context - The Christchurch earthquake 22 February 2011. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Shows as asterisks, stars etc a list of curses and swear words used to describe the EQC, delays, Roger Sutton, Gerry Brownlee and insurance companies. Context: The words describe the frustration and stress being experienced by many people in Canterbury post earthquake. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Shows two visitors to Christchurch who can enjoy the excitement of the danger of earthquakes without car bombings. Context: refers to the Christchurch earthquakes and continuing aftershocks. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Shows a huge glass bell representing a 'Cone of silence' over the City Council. Context: Refers to ructions in the City Council. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A ghoul appears beside the bed of a sleeping couple. The man says to his wife 'Relax dear... That bump in the night wasn't an aftershock!' Context: the suggestion is that in Christchurch people are more worried about aftershocks than ghosts. Refers to the Christchurch earthquakes. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Someone is writing and suddenly the pen runs across the paper. He asks 'Did you feel that?' Refers to continuing aftershocks in Christchurch. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A helicopter from Christchurch flies over New Zealand looking for somewhere to rebuild but everywhere are notices referring to fires, floods, oily beaches, volcanoes and geysers, quakes, landslides. Nowhere seems to be safe. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Batman is abroad in the night in 'Gotham City' and says 'Well we're all going batty down here!' Context: A reference to Christchurch, still struggling to recover from the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
The cartoon is drawn as a game of 'Quakeopoly' in which earthquakes, aftershocks, assessment waits, stress etc. allow one to move from one square to the next but players are always forced backwards and can never win. Context - The Canterbury earthquakes of 4 September 2010 and 22 February 2011 and the continuing aftershocks. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
The cartoon shows a family standing proudly in front of their tent which has 'No leaks!', is 'Earthquake-proof!', and 'Affordable!' An 'Optional extra' is an 'inflatable base for tsunami-prone areas'. Text below reads 'Not suitable for volcanic areas. Refers to the problems that have been experienced in the last couple of decades with leaky homes because of slack building codes (which have now been tightened), refers also to the Canterbury earthquake of 4th September with its aftermath of rebuilding for greater earthquake proofing and lastly refers to the problem of people being unable to afford houses. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A very large woman stands wedged between two rows of concrete pillars eating a huge cream bun. She says 'Christmas fare protection... it helps prevent lateral spread!' Context - overeating at Christmas and lateral spreading, which is associated with liquefaction and tends to occur near streams and waterways as the soil mass moves towards them. Reference to the Christchurch earthquake of 4th September 2010. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
The arms of a woman who represents New Zealand reach out to a baby to whom she has just given birth. The baby represents '2011' and is a particularly hideous specimen. The doctor who holds the baby says 'He's cute now but wait 'til he gets older!' Outside the window is seen a cracked and damaged landscape and a storm rages; the headstone of a grave reads 'RIP 2010'. Context - Christchurch or maybe the South Island have had a bad year because of the Pike River Mine disaster and the earthquake of 4 September 2010. There is perhaps prescience in this cartoon because on 22 February 2011 a much worse earthquake hit Christchurch. Published in The Press Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).