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Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary, inflatable structure, titled Upload, being installed for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014. Upload was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Chirney Coffee.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary, inflatable structure, titled Upload, being installed for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014. Upload was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Chirney Coffee.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary structure titled GlowCity being installed for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014. GlowCity was created by students from Unitec, in partnership with Games Hall street games.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of part of a temporary installation, titled Influx, which was created by students from Unitec, in partnership with RAD Bikes. Influx was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled Orbis, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Twisted Hop. Orbis was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video clip of a large-scale, temporary installation titled Antigravity. The installation is on Lichfield Street. The installation was created by students from The University of Auckland in collaboration with Cakes By Anna. It was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video clip showing close-up footage of a large-scale, temporary installation titled ING. The installation is at the intersection of High Street, Lichfield Street and Manchester Street. The installation was created by students from Unitec, for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled Antigravity, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Cakes by Anna. Antigravity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary, inflatable structure titled Upload, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Chirney Coffee. Upload was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled GlowCity, which was created by students from Unitec, in partnership with Games Hall street games. GlowCity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled GlowCity, which was created by students from Unitec, in partnership with Games Hall street games. GlowCity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled GlowCity, which was created by students from Unitec, in partnership with Games Hall street games. GlowCity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled Antigravity, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Cakes by Anna. Antigravity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary structure, titled Continuum, being installed for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014. Continuum was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Excuse My French Crepe Cart.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled Antigravity, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Cakes by Anna. Antigravity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary, inflatable structure, titled Upload, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Chirney Coffee. Upload was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a tug-of-war contest at CityUps. In the background is a temporary illuminated sculpture titled GlowCity. GlowCity was created by students from Unitec for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary installation titled Continuum, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Excuse My French Crepe Cart. Continuum was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of visitors to CityUps playing with a large inflatable ball. The ball is part of an installation titled CHCH2061, created by architecture students from the University of Auckland. CityUps was a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video clip of several large-scale, temporary installations being erected on the corner of High and Lichfield Streets, and the corner of Lichfield and Manchester Streets. The installations are being created by students from Unitec, The University of Auckland and CPIT, for CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a temporary structure, titled Continuum, being installed for CityUps. CityUps was a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014. Continuum was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Excuse My French Crepe Cart.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video montage of Canterbury Tales, a carnivalesque procession through the central city, led by Free Theatre Christchurch. The film depicts the construction and set up, through to the main public events. It also includes interviews with Peter Faulkenberg (Canterbury Tales and Free Theatre Christchurch Artistic Director) and George Parker (Canterbury Tales and Free Theatre Christchurch Producer).

Audio, Radio New Zealand

Topics - Emergency services are at the scene of a cliff collapse at the Port of Lyttelton that has damaged fuel storage tanks. Police say evacuations are underway from Brittan Terrace and Cressy Terrace, with people being taken to Lyttelton Main School. Meanwhile - University of Canterbury researchers have confirmed that Christchurch is now experiencing more frequent and severe flooding due to the impact of the earthquakes.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of cakes made by Cakes By Anna. The cakes are being sold at a temporary installation titled Antigravity, which was created by students from the University of Auckland, in partnership with Cakes by Anna. em>Antigravity was part of CityUps - a 'city of the future for one night only', and the main event of FESTA 2014.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video of a panel discussion at the 2014 Seismics and the City forum. The theme of this section was Building Momentum, and it addressed panellists' views on the progress of the rebuild, the main obstacles, and how they can be resolved. The panellists are as follows: Christchurch Mayor Lianne Dalziel; Waimakariri Mayor David Ayers; Roger Sutton, CEO of CERA; Ian Simpson, CEO of the NZ Earthquake Commission; Peter Townsend, CEO of Canterbury Employers' Chamber of Commerce; and Joanna Norris, Editor of The Press.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

The current seismic design practice for reinforced concrete (RC) walls has been drawn into question following the unsatisfactory performance of several RC wall buildings during the Canterbury earthquakes. An overview of current research being undertaken at the University of Auckland into the seismic behaviour of RC walls is presented. The main objectives of this research project are to understand the observed performance of RC walls in Christchurch, quantify the seismic loads on RC walls, and developed improved design procedures for RC walls that will assist in revisions to the New Zealand Concrete Structures Standard. A database summarising the performance of RC wall buildings in the Christchurch CBD was collated to identify damage modes and case-study buildings. A detailed investigation is underway to verify the seismic performance of lightly reinforced concrete walls and initial numerical modeling and small-scale tests are presented in addition to details of planned experimental tests of RC walls. Numerical modelling is being used to understand the potential influence that interactions between walls and other structural elements have on the seismic response of buildings and the loads generated on RC walls. The results from finite element analysis of a severely damaged RC wall in Christchurch highlighted the effect that the floor diaphragms have on the distribution of shear stains in the wall.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Since the early 1980s seismic hazard assessment in New Zealand has been based on Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). The most recent version of the New Zealand National Seismic Hazard Model, a PSHA model, was published by Stirling et al, in 2012. This model follows standard PSHA principals and combines a nation-wide model of active faults with a gridded point-source model based on the earthquake catalogue since 1840. These models are coupled with the ground-motion prediction equation of McVerry et al (2006). Additionally, we have developed a time-dependent clustering-based PSHA model for the Canterbury region (Gerstenberger et al, 2014) in response to the Canterbury earthquake sequence. We are now in the process of revising that national model. In this process we are investigating several of the fundamental assumptions in traditional PSHA and in how we modelled hazard in the past. For this project, we have three main focuses: 1) how do we design an optimal combination of multiple sources of information to produce the best forecast of earthquake rates in the next 50 years: can we improve upon a simple hybrid of fault sources and background sources, and can we better handle the uncertainties in the data and models (e.g., fault segmentation, frequency-magnitude distributions, time-dependence & clustering, low strain-rate areas, and subduction zone modelling)? 2) developing revised and new ground-motion predictions models including better capturing of epistemic uncertainty – a key focus in this work is developing a new strong ground motion catalogue for model development; and 3) how can we best quantify if changes we have made in our modelling are truly improvements? Throughout this process we are working toward incorporating numerical modelling results from physics based synthetic seismicity and ground-motion models.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Research on human behaviour during earthquake shaking has identified three main influences of behaviour: the environment the individual is located immediately before and during the earthquake, in terms of where the individual is and who the individual is with at the time of the earthquake; individual characteristics, such as age, gender, previous earthquake experience, and the intensity and duration of earthquake shaking. However, little research to date has systematically analysed the immediate observable human responses to earthquake shaking, mostly due to data constraints and/or ethical considerations. Research on human behaviour during earthquakes has relied on simulations or post-event, reflective interviews and questionnaire studies, often performed weeks to months or even years following the event. Such studies are therefore subject to limitations such as the quality of the participant's memory or (perceived) realism of a simulation. The aim of this research was to develop a robust coding scheme to analyse human behaviour during earthquake shaking using video footage captured during an earthquake event. This will allow systematic analysis of individuals during real earthquakes using a previously unutilized data source, thus help develop guidance on appropriate protective actions. The coding scheme was developed in a two-part process, combining a deductive and inductive approach. Previous research studies of human behavioral response during earthquake shaking provided the basis for the coding scheme. This was then iteratively refined by applying the coding scheme to a broad range of video footage of people exposed to strong shaking during the Canterbury earthquake sequence. The aim of this was to optimise coding scheme content and application across a broad range of scenarios, and to increase inter-coder reliability. The methodology to code data will enhance objective observation of video footage to allow cross-event analysis and explore (among others): reaction time, patterns of behaviour, and social, environmental and situational influences of behaviour. This can provide guidance for building configuration and design, and evidence-based recommendations for public education about injury-preventing behavioural responses during earthquake shaking.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Though generally considered “natural” disasters, cyclones and earthquakes are increasingly being associated with human activities, incubated through urban settlement patterns and the long-term redistribution of natural resources. As society is becoming more urbanized, the risk of human exposure to disasters is also rising. Architecture often reflects the state of society’s health: architectural damage is the first visible sign of emergency, and reconstruction is the final response in the process of recovery. An empirical assessment of architectural projects in post-disaster situations can lead to a deeper understanding of urban societies as they try to rebuild. This thesis offers an alternative perspective on urban disasters by looking at the actions and attitudes of disaster professionals through the lens of architecture, situated in recent events: the 2010 Christchurch earthquake, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. An empirical, multi-hazard, cross-sectional case study methodology was used, employing grounded theory method to build theory, and a critical constructivist strategy to inform the analysis. By taking an interdisciplinary approach to understanding disasters, this thesis positions architecture as a conduit between two divergent approaches to disaster research: the hazards approach, which studies the disaster cycles from a scientific perspective; and the sociological approach, which studies the socially constructed vulnerabilities that result from disasters, and the elements of social change that accompany such events. Few studies to date have attempted to integrate the multi-disciplinary perspectives that can advance our understanding of societal problems in urban disasters. To bridge this gap, this thesis develops what will be referred to as the “Rittelian framework”—based on the work of UC Berkeley’s architecture professor Horst Rittel (1930-1990). The Rittelian framework uses the language of design to transcend the multiple fields of human endeavor to address the “design problems” in disaster research. The processes by which societal problems are addressed following an urban disaster involve input by professionals from multiple fields—including economics, sociology, medicine, and engineering—but the contribution from architecture has been minimal to date. The main impetus for my doctoral thesis has been the assertion that most of the decisions related to reconstruction are made in the early emergency recovery stages where architects are not involved, but architects’ early contribution is vital to the long-term reconstruction of cities. This precipitated in the critical question: “How does the Rittelian framework contribute to the critical design decisions in modern urban disasters?” Comparative research was undertaken in three case studies of recent disasters in New Orleans (2005), Haiti (2010) and Christchurch (2010), by interviewing 51 individuals who were selected on the basis of employing the Rittelian framework in their humanitarian practice. Contextualizing natural disaster research within the robust methodological framework of architecture and the analytical processes of sociology is the basis for evaluating the research proposition that architectural problem solving is of value in addressing the ‘Wicked Problems’ of disasters. This thesis has found that (1) the nuances of the way disaster agents interpret the notion of “building back better” can influence the extent to which architectural professionals contribute in urban disaster recovery, (2) architectural design can be used to facilitate but also impede critical design decisions, and (3) framing disaster research in terms of design decisions can lead to innovation where least expected. This empirical research demonstrates how the Rittelian framework can inform a wider discussion about post-disaster human settlements, and improve our resilience through disaster research.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Structural engineering is facing an extraordinarily challenging era. These challenges are driven by the increasing expectations of modern society to provide low-cost, architecturally appealing structures which can withstand large earthquakes. However, being able to avoid collapse in a large earthquake is no longer enough. A building must now be able to withstand a major seismic event with negligible damage so that it is immediately occupiable following such an event. As recent earthquakes have shown, the economic consequences of not achieving this level of performance are not acceptable. Technological solutions for low-damage structural systems are emerging. However, the goal of developing a low-damage building requires improving the performance of both the structural skeleton and the non-structural components. These non-structural components include items such as the claddings, partitions, ceilings and contents. Previous research has shown that damage to such items contributes a disproportionate amount to the overall economic losses in an earthquake. One such non-structural element that has a history of poor performance is the external cladding system, and this forms the focus of this research. Cladding systems are invariably complicated and provide a number of architectural functions. Therefore, it is important than when seeking to improve their seismic performance that these functions are not neglected. The seismic vulnerability of cladding systems are determined in this research through a desktop background study, literature review, and postearthquake reconnaissance survey of their performance in the 2010 – 2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. This study identified that precast concrete claddings present a significant life-safety risk to pedestrians, and that the effect they have upon the primary structure is not well understood. The main objective of this research is consequently to better understand the performance of precast concrete cladding systems in earthquakes. This is achieved through an experimental campaign and numerical modelling of a range of precast concrete cladding systems. The experimental campaign consists of uni-directional, quasi static cyclic earthquake simulation on a test frame which represents a single-storey, single-bay portion of a reinforced concrete building. The test frame is clad with various precast concrete cladding panel configurations. A major focus is placed upon the influence the connection between the cladding panel and structural frame has upon seismic performance. A combination of experimental component testing, finite element modelling and analytical derivation is used to develop cladding models of the cladding systems investigated. The cyclic responses of the models are compared with the experimental data to evaluate their accuracy and validity. The comparison shows that the cladding models developed provide an excellent representation of real-world cladding behaviour. The cladding models are subsequently applied to a ten-storey case-study building. The expected seismic performance is examined with and without the cladding taken into consideration. The numerical analyses of the case-study building include modal analyses, nonlinear adaptive pushover analyses, and non-linear dynamic seismic response (time history) analyses to different levels of seismic hazard. The clad frame models are compared to the bare frame model to investigate the effect the cladding has upon the structural behaviour. Both the structural performance and cladding performance are also assessed using qualitative damage states. The results show a poor performance of precast concrete cladding systems is expected when traditional connection typologies are used. This result confirms the misalignment of structural and cladding damage observed in recent earthquake events. Consequently, this research explores the potential of an innovative cladding connection. The outcomes from this research shows that the innovative cladding connection proposed here is able to achieve low-damage performance whilst also being cost comparable to a traditional cladding connection. It is also theoretically possible that the connection can provide a positive value to the seismic performance of the structure by adding addition strength, stiffness and damping. Finally, the losses associated with both the traditional and innovative cladding systems are compared in terms of tangible outcomes, namely: repair costs, repair time and casualties. The results confirm that the use of innovative cladding technology can substantially reduce the overall losses that result from cladding damage.