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Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Fallen chimney stack leaves a gaping hole after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Roof and parapet of this building collapsed during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Evacuating a central city flat which has been condemned following the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Cordon at the Tuam Street - Madras Street intersection, following the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Column reinforcement exposed under spalled concrete after the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Parapet and roof of this building collapsed during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Parapet and roof of this building collapsed during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

This shop on Tuam Street survived rhe magnitude 7.1 earthquake that hit Christchurch on Saturday 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Crack in the parapet of this building, resulting from the magnitude 7,1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on 4 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Parapet and roof of this building collapsed during the magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

The November 2016 MW 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake initiated beneath the North Culverden basin on The Humps fault and propagated north-eastwards, rupturing at least 17 faults along a cumulative length of ~180 km. The geomorphic expression of The Humps Fault across the Emu Plains, along the NW margin of Culverden basin, comprises a series of near-parallel strands separated by up to 3 km across strike. The various strands strike east to east-northeast and have been projected to mainly dip steeply to the south in seismic data (~80°). In this area, the fault predominantly accommodates right-lateral slip, with uplift and subsidence confined to releasing and restraining bends and step-overs at a range of scales. The Kaikōura event ruptured pre-existing fault scarps along the Emu Plains, which had been partly identified prior to the earthquake. Geomorphology and faulting expression of The Humps Fault on The Emu Plains was mapped, along with faulting related structures which did not rupture in the 2016 earthquake. Fault ruptures strands are combined into sections and the kinematic deformation of sections analysed to provide a moment tensor fault plane solution. This fault plane solution is consistent with the regional principal horizontal shortening direction (PHS) of ~115°, similar to seismic focal mechanism solutions of some of the nearby aftershocks of the Kaikōura earthquake, and similar to the adjacent Hope Fault. To constrain the timing of paleoseismic events, a trench was excavated across the fault where it crossed a late Quaternary alluvial fan. Mapping of stratigraphy exposed in the trench walls, and dating of variably deformed strata, constrains the pre-historic earthquake event history at the trench site. The available data provides evidence for at least three paleo-earthquakes within the last 15.1 ka, with a possible fourth (penultimate) event. These events are estimated to have occurred at 7.7-10.3 ka, 10.3-14.8 ka, and one or more events that are older than ~15.1 ka. Some evidence suggests an additional penultimate event between 1850 C.E and 7.7 ka. Time-integrated slip-rates at three locations on the fault are measured using paleo-channels as piercing points. These sites give horizontal slip rates of 0.57 ± 0.1 mm/year, 0.49 ± 0.1 mm/year and one site constrains a minimum of between 0.1 - 0.4 mm/year. Two vertical slip-rates are calculated to be constrained to a maximum of 0.2 ± 0.02 mm/year at one site and between 0.02 and 0.1 mm/year at another site. Prior to this study, The Humps fault had only been partially documented in reconnaissance level mapping in the district, and no previous paleoseismic or slip rate data had been reported. This project has provided a detailed fault zone tectonic geomorphic map and established new slip-rate and paleoseismic data. The results highlight that The Humps fault plays an important role in regional seismicity and in accommodating plate boundary deformation across the North Canterbury region.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Shop parapet toppled in the magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010. This building was condemned and demolished on 9 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

I could have sworn the street lamposts were vertical on Friday 3 September 2010! Magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Rescue services out in full force at the Christchurch Arts Centre following the magnitude 7 earthquake in Christchurch on Saturday 4-9-2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Quake-damaged shops on Manchester Street; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 3 September 2010.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Quake-damaged shops on Manchester Street; aftermath of the magnitude 7.1 earthquake that struck Christchurch on Saturday 3 September 2010.