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Images for masonry buildings; more images...

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Canterbury Provincial Chambers on Durham Street. The top of one of the chambers has crumbled and the masonry has fallen onto the footpath. Scaffolding which was erected after the 4 September 2010 earthquake has also fallen. Wire fences have been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across Cambridge Terrace to the former Canterbury Public Library. Masonry from the building's corners and end gable has fallen onto the footpath below. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

The connections between walls of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings and flexible timber diaphragms are critical building components that must perform adequately before desirable earthquake response of URM buildings may be achieved. Field observations made during the initial reconnaissance and the subsequent damage surveys of clay brick URM buildings following the 2010/2011 Canterbury, New Zealand, earthquakes revealed numerous cases where anchor connections joining masonry walls or parapets with roof or floor diaphragms appeared to have failed prematurely. These observations were more frequent for adhesive anchor connections than for through-bolt connections (i.e., anchorages having plates on the exterior facade of the masonry walls). Subsequently, an in-field test program was undertaken in an attempt to evaluate the performance of adhesive anchor connections between unreinforced clay brick URM walls and roof or floor diaphragm. The study consisted of a total of almost 400 anchor tests conducted in eleven existing URM buildings located in Christchurch, Whanganui and Auckland. Specific objectives of the study included the identification of failure modes of adhesive anchors in existing URM walls and the influence of the following variables on anchor load-displacement response: adhesive type, strength of the masonry materials (brick and mortar), anchor embedment depth, anchor rod diameter, overburden level, anchor rod type, quality of installation, and the use of metal mesh sleeves. In addition, the comparative performance of bent anchors (installed at an angle of minimum 22.5° to the perpendicular projection from the wall surface) and anchors positioned horizontally was investigated. Observations on the performance of wall-to-diaphragm connections in the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, a summary of the performed experimental program and test results, and a proposed pull-out capacity relationship for adhesive anchors installed into multi-leaf clay brick masonry are presented herein. AM - Accepted Manuscript

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across Stanmore Road to several badly damaged buildings, including Marcel's Picnic, Chalet Hair Fashion and Stanmore Road Dairy. Masonry and structural components from the buildings have collapsed onto the footpath and the buildings have been cordoned off by a safety fence.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Sumner Road in Lyttelton with the former Lyttelton Public Library building to the left and the former Lyttelton Fire Station building to the right. Masonry has collapsed from both buildings and wire fencing has been placed around their bases as cordons.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across Hereford Street to the former Canterbury Public Library. Masonry from the building's corners and end gable has fallen onto the footpath and wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of St Luke's Church on the corner of Manchester Street and Kilmore Street. Large sections of the church have collapsed and the masonry and other rubble have spilled onto the car park. Wire fences have been placed around the side of the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the McKenzie & Willis building on Tuam Street. Small pieces of masonry have crumbled from the pillars between the windows and fallen onto the footpath below. The front door has also shattered and broken glass has spilled onto the footpath in front. The word "clear" has been spray-painted on the bottom-storey window to the left.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

The September Canterbury earthquake. These pictures were taken of Colombo Street in Sydenham. A lot of masonry in this area has been damaged/fallen down. Ascot TV. This has relocated further south on Colombo Street. Apparently their building on Cranford Street was also severely damaged. Note: these photos were taken on a cellphone; mind the qu...

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across Cambridge Terrace to the former Canterbury Public Library. Masonry from the building's corners and end gable has fallen onto the footpath and the base of the building has been cordoned off with wire fencing.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Canterbury Provincial Chambers. The top section of the building has crumbled, the masonry spilling onto the footpath. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

The Manchester Courts building was a heritage building located in central Christchurch (New Zealand) that was damaged in the Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake on 4 September 2010 and subsequently demolished as a risk reduction exercise. Because the building was heritage listed, the decision to demolish the building resulted in strong objections from heritage supporters who were of the opinion that the building had sufficient residual strength to survive possible aftershock earthquakes. On 22 February 2011 Christchurch was struck by a severe aftershock, leading to the question of whether building demolition had proven to be the correct risk reduction strategy. Finite element analysis was used to undertake a performance-based assessment, validating the accuracy of the model using the damage observed in the building before its collapse. In addition, soil-structure interaction was introduced into the research due to the comparatively low shear wave velocity of the soil. The demolition of a landmark heritage building was a tragedy that Christchurch will never recover from, but the decision was made considering safety, societal, economic and psychological aspects in order to protect the city and its citizens. The analytical results suggest that the Manchester Courts building would have collapsed during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, and that the collapse of the building would have resulted in significant fatalities.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Avonmore House on the corner of Hereford Street and Latimer Square. Large cracks have formed in the building, causing sections of the masonry to crumble. The windows on the Hereford Street side of the building have bent out of shape and many of the glass panes have shattered. USAR codes have been spray painted on the column next to the door. In the distance wire fencing has been placed across the street as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across the corner of London and Canterbury Streets to the Ground Culinary Centre. Large sections of the building's walls have cracked and collapsed, spilling masonry onto the footpath. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across Oxford Street in Lyttelton to the former Lyttelton Public Library, cordoned off with wire fencing. Masonry from the top of the building has collapsed onto the footpath. The former Lyttelton Fire Station building can be seen to the right.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Churches are an important part of New Zealand's historical and architectural heritage. Various earthquakes around the world have highlighted the significant seismic vulnerability of religious buildings, with the extensive damage that occurred to stone and clay-brick unreinforced masonry churches after the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes emphasising the necessity to better understand this structural type. Consequently, a country-wide inventory of unreinforced masonry churches is here identified. After a bibliographic and archival investigation, and a 10 000 km field trip, it is estimated that currently 297 unreinforced masonry churches are present throughout New Zealand, excluding 12 churches demolished in Christchurch because of heavy damage sustained during the Canterbury earthquake sequence. The compiled database includes general information about the buildings, their architectural features and structural characteristics, and any architectural and structural transformations that have occurred in the past. Statistics about the occurrence of each feature are provided and preliminary interpretations of their role on seismic vulnerability are discussed. The list of identified churches is reported in annexes, supporting their identification and providing their address.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

New Zealand’s stock of unreinforced masonry (URM) bearing wall buildings was principally constructed between 1880 and 1935, using fired clay bricks and lime or cement mortar. These buildings are particularly vulnerable to horizontal loadings such as those induced by seismic accelerations, due to a lack of tensile force-resisting elements in their construction. The poor seismic performance of URM buildings was recently demonstrated in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake, where a large number of URM buildings suffered irreparable damage and resulted in a significant number of fatalities and casualties. One of the predominant failure modes that occurs in URM buildings is diagonal shear cracking of masonry piers. This diagonal cracking is caused by earthquake loading orientated parallel to the wall surface and typically generates an “X” shaped crack pattern due to the reversed cyclic nature of earthquake accelerations. Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) is a class of fiber reinforced cement composite that exhibits a strain-hardening characteristic when loaded in tension. The tensile characteristics of ECC make it an ideal material for seismic strengthening of clay brick unreinforced masonry walls. Testing was conducted on 25 clay brick URM wallettes to investigate the increase in shear strength for a range of ECC thicknesses applied to the masonry wallettes as externally bonded shotcrete reinforcement. The results indicated that there is a diminishing return between thickness of the applied ECC overlay and the shear strength increase obtained. It was also shown that, the effectiveness of the externally bonded reinforcement remained constant for one and two leaf wallettes, but decreased rapidly for wall thicknesses greater than two leafs. The average pseudo-ductility of the strengthened wallettes was equal to 220% of that of the as-built wallettes, demonstrating that ECC shotcrete is effective at enhancing both the in-plane strength and the pseudo-ductility of URM wallettes. AM - Accepted Manuscript

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The damaged Cranmer Courts on the corner of Kilmore and Montreal Streets. The corner of the building has crumbled onto the street, which is now littered with broken masonry. Wire fencing placed around the building after the 4 September 2010 earthquake has managed to keep the debris away from the road.