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Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph submitted by Anonymous to the QuakeStories website. The description reads, "Our chimney was capped the day after the September Quake. This little fella served as our chimney for two winters until an expert came along and disconnected our gas fire.".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Pasifika House at the University of Canterbury. The house has a damaged chimney. A sign on the door reads, "The University is on emergency lock down. This includes the fale. Please do not enter.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the alleyway between to buildings in Christchurch. A chimney has fallen off the roof of one of the buildings and landed in the alleyway. One of the screens from the archway above has come with it.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Pasifika House at the University of Canterbury. The house has a damaged chimney. A sign on the door reads, "The University is on emergency lock down. This includes the fale. Please do not enter.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the alleyway between to buildings in Christchurch. A chimney has fallen off the roof of one of the buildings and landed in the alleyway. One of the screens from the archway above has come with it.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Pasifika House at the University of Canterbury. The house has a damaged chimney. A sign on the door reads, "The University is on emergency lock down. This includes the fale. Please do not enter.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

An UnReinforced clay brick Masonry (URM) chimney is composed of a cantilever URM appendage above a roofline and is considered one of the most earthquake prone non-structural compo¬nents within vintage URM and timber-framed buildings. Observations from past earthquakes including the 1992 Big Bear City earthquake, 1994 Northridge earthquake, 2001 Nisqually earthquake, 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes, 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes, and 2014 South Napa earthquake served repeatedly as a reminder of the hazard induced by URM chimneys. The observed failure types included several cases where the adopted retrofit techniques were not adequate to effectively secure chimneys dur¬ing the earthquake. Data collected during the 2010/2011 post-earthquake building assessments in Christchurch and insur¬ance claims are reported herein. Five full-scale solid clay brick URM chimneys which replicated the most encountered geometrical and construction characteristics were subjected to shake table testing. Two chim¬ney samples were representative of the as-built conditions, while three samples were retrofitted using two different configurations of Near-Surface-Mounted (NSM) Carbon-Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer (CFRP) strips and post-tensioning techniques. The adopted securing techniques allowed an increase in seismic acceleration capacity of more than five times for chimneys constructed with ultra-weak mortar and more than twice for chimneys built with weak mortar. http://www.16ibmac.com/

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Bricks from a demolished chimney lie on top of thick liquefaction silt in front of a house in St Albans. The photographer comments, "Our friend Chris Hutching's house. The front lawn and carport have 30cm or more of silt piled on top. He also had to remove a shaky chimney".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Bricks from a demolished chimney lie on top of thick liquefaction silt in front of a house in St Albans. The photographer comments, "Our friend Chris Hutching's house. The front lawn and carport have 30cm or more of silt piled on top. He also had to remove a shaky chimney".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Cranmer Courts on the corner of Kilmore and Montreal Streets. Parts of a chimney and masonry lie on the footpath. The damaged gable and roof have been covered by tarpaulins to help prevent weather damage to the inside.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to a house in Richmond. A brick chimney has visibly twisted and there are gaps between the bricks. The photographer comments, "Damaged chimney. We'll have to get this taken down tidily, but our roofer friends are a bit busy... (It was taken down on the morning of Day 2, just as well)".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Cranmer Courts on the corner of Kilmore and Montreal Streets. Pieces of masonry and chimneys have been removed from the building and placed on the ground in front. Wire fencing and road cones have been placed around the building to create a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the back of Wharetiki on Colombo Street. The chimney of the house has pulled away from the back wall and collapsed onto the roof below. A wooden structure built up against the house has also pulled away from the wall.