
In the period between September 2010 and December 2011, Christchurch (New Zealand) and its surroundings were hit by a series of strong earthquakes including six significant events, all generated by local faults in proximity to the city: 4 September 2010 (Mw=7.1), 22 February 2011 (Mw=6.2), 13 June 2011 (Mw=5.3 and Mw=6.0) and 23 December 2011 (M=5.8 and (M=5.9) earthquakes. As shown in Figure 1, the causative faults of the earthquakes were very close to or within the city boundaries thus generating very strong ground motions and causing tremendous damage throughout the city. Christchurch is shown as a lighter colour area, and its Central Business District (CBD) is marked with a white square area in the figure. Note that the sequence of earthquakes started to the west of the city and then propagated to the south, south-east and east of the city through a set of separate but apparently interacting faults. Because of their strength and proximity to the city, the earthquakes caused tremendous physical damage and impacts on the people, natural and built environments of Christchurch. The 22 February 2011 earthquake was particularly devastating. The ground motions generated by this earthquake were intense and in many parts of Christchurch substantially above the ground motions used to design the buildings in Christchurch. The earthquake caused 182 fatalities, collapse of two multi-storey reinforced concrete buildings, collapse or partial collapse of many unreinforced masonry structures including the historic Christchurch Cathedral. The Central Business District (CBD) of Christchurch, which is the central heart of the city just east of Hagley Park, was practically lost with majority of its 3,000 buildings being damaged beyond repair. Widespread liquefaction in the suburbs of Christchurch, as well as rock falls and slope/cliff instabilities in the Port Hills affected tens of thousands of residential buildings and properties, and shattered the lifelines and infrastructure over approximately one third of the city area. The total economic loss caused by the 2010-2011 Christchurch earthquakes is currently estimated to be in the range between 25 and 30 billion NZ dollars (or 15% to 18% of New Zealand’s GDP). After each major earthquake, comprehensive field investigations and inspections were conducted to document the liquefaction-induced land damage, lateral spreading displacements and their impacts on buildings and infrastructure. In addition, the ground motions produced by the earthquakes were recorded by approximately 15 strong motion stations within (close to) the city boundaries providing and impressive wealth of data, records and observations of the performance of ground and various types of structures during this unusual sequence of strong local earthquakes affecting a city. This paper discusses the liquefaction in residential areas and focuses on its impacts on dwellings (residential houses) and potable water system in the Christchurch suburbs. The ground conditions of Christchurch including the depositional history of soils, their composition, age and groundwater regime are first discussed. Detailed liquefaction maps illustrating the extent and severity of liquefaction across Christchurch triggered by the sequence of earthquakes including multiple episodes of severe re-liquefaction are next presented. Characteristic liquefaction-induced damage to residential houses is then described focussing on the performance of typical house foundations in areas affected by liquefaction. Liquefaction impacts on the potable water system of Christchurch is also briefly summarized including correlation between the damage to the system, liquefaction severity, and the performance of different pipe materials. Finally, the characteristics of Christchurch liquefaction and its impacts on built environment are discussed in relation to the liquefaction-induced damage in Japan during the 11 March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01- From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
Christchurch has been rattled by a series of earthquakes with the latest measuring 5.5 on the richter scale.
Animals have also suffered upheaval because of the Christchurch earthquakes. Jan Collins is one of those caring for some the hundreds of pets who have been left homeless because of the earthquakes.
Christchurch City Councillor Aaron Keown has brought a building down on top of himself by hammering it with a mallet in his attempt to chain himself to it. Context: Refers to the start of the demolition of the Christchurch Cathedral in the wake of the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011. Aaron Keown has said he will chain himself to the cathedral to stop it being demolished. Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
Ngai Tahu says its people are turning to the tribe for help with legal and engineering advice about their earthquake-damaged homes in Christchurch; The Chairperson of the Maori Midwives Collective Nga Maia, says the earthquake a year ago forced the organisation to start its administrative operations from scratch; Efforts are underway to find out how many Maori left Christchurch after the earthquake; The Ngai Tahu hapu, Ngai Tuahuriri in Christchurch, will be welcoming the Governor-General to Rehua Marae this morning to commemorate the anniversary of last year's earthquake; Christchurch will hear today whether it'll be hosting the biggest Maori performance event on the calendar - Te Matatini National Festival.
Efforts are underway to find out how many Maori left Christchurch after the earthquake; The Chairperson of the Maori Midwives Collective Nga Maia, says the earthquake a year ago forced the organisation to start its administrative operations from scratch; Ngai Tahu says its people are turning to the tribe for help with legal and engineering advice about their earthquake-damaged homes in Christchurch; The Ngai Tahu hapu, Ngai Tuahuriri in Christchurch, will be welcoming the Governor-General to Rehua Marae this morning to commemorate the anniversary of last year's earthquake.
Website of the St Albans Residents Association Incorporated (SARA), dedicated to the recovery of St Albans and its city, Christchurch after the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes.
Depicts spoof poster of new Zealand television series 'Hope and Wire' starring American actors as Bob Parker, Christchurch Mayor, Gerry Brownlee, Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Minister, Roger Sutton, CERA CEO, Andrew Holden, Editor The Press. Context: a six part television series will be set in Christchurch in the aftermath of the earthquakes (Stuff 11 September 2012). Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
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One multi-coloured softcover book titled 'Trapped' by Martin van Beynen with colour illustrations and maps. Collected experiences of some of those trapped following the 22 February earthquake. Mainstream media coverage of the 22 February 2011 earthquake understandably focussed on the devastating damage and loss of life caused by the earthquake....
In the wake of the February disaster, the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority was set up to coordinate the overall recovery.
A small wooden cross is inserted between stones laid out in the shape of a large cross. The photographer comments, "This is an Earthquake Memorial on Manchester Street, Christchurch, New Zealand. This message is on the tree next to the memorial: 'Earthquake Memorial. 185 people died as a result of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. 185 precious lives are remembered here, with 185 pieces of Halswell stone recovered from St Luke's Church, damaged beyond repair on that day. May they rest in peace. St Luke's in the City'".
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3288 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01- IMG_3282 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3287 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
Christchurch gallery’s collections, exhibitions and services. Includes featured articles from CoCa Magazine. Includes coverage
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3284 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3285 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3286 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3283 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
Text reads 'Did you put the cat out and lock and back door?'. Shows car parked in Christchurch City at night. Context: People have been sleeping in their cars due to housing shortage created by Canterbury earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 (Stuff 29 March 2012) Quantity: 1 digital cartoon(s).
A presentation by Dr Charlotte Brown (Department of Civil and Natural Resource Engineering) on "A Waste-Full Recovery: Managing waste after the 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquakes".
Today, the nation marks a year since the 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit Christchurch.
The Canterbury earthquakes have shaken up many of the region's industries - and beer brewing is no exception.
The 2011 Christchurch earthquakes and the sewage outfall diversion have had profound impacts on the Heathcote-Avon Estuary
Cartoon shows a game of hopscotch that illustrates the changing face of the entity with responsibility for the Christchurch rebuild after the earthquakes. Three versions of this cartoon are available Quantity: 3 digital cartoon(s).
A photograph showing Road Cones in Dallington, Christchurch following the series of earthquakes in Christchurch.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3291 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
1 June 2012. File reference: CCL-2012-06-01-IMG_3280 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.