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Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

In the early morning of 4th September 2010 the region of Canterbury, New Zealand, was subjected to a magnitude 7.1 earthquake. The epicentre was located near the town of Darfield, 40 km west of the city of Christchurch. This was the country’s most damaging earthquake since the 1931 Hawke’s Bay earthquake (GeoNet, 2010). Since 4th September 2010 the region has been subjected to thousands of aftershocks, including several more damaging events such as a magnitude 6.3 aftershock on 22nd February 2011. Although of a smaller magnitude, the earthquake on 22nd February produced peak ground accelerations in the Christchurch region three times greater than the 4th September earthquake and in some cases shaking intensities greater than twice the design level (GeoNet, 2011; IPENZ, 2011). While in September 2010 most earthquake shaking damage was limited to unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, in February all types of buildings sustained damage. Temporary shoring and strengthening techniques applied to buildings following the Darfield earthquake were tested in February 2011. In addition, two large aftershocks occurred on 13th June 2011 (magnitudes 5.7 and 6.2), further damaging many already weakened structures. The damage to unreinforced and retrofitted clay brick masonry buildings in the 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake has already been reported by Ingham and Griffith (2011) and Dizhur et al. (2010b). A brief review of damage from the 22nd February 2011 earthquake is presented here

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the church hall of St John the Baptist Church in Latimer Square. The roof has been weather proofed with plywood and there are cracks in the buildings masonry. The remains of fallen bricks can be seen on the footpath. A safety fence has been erected around the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the church hall of St John the Baptist Church in Latimer Square. The roof has been weather proofed with plywood and there are cracks in the buildings masonry. The remains of fallen bricks can be seen on the footpath. A safety fence has been erected around the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "An old advertisments which was revealed on a building on Lichfield Street when its neighbour was demolished. The advertisement reads 'New Zealand Candle Co Ltd.' and then adds 'Five Medal, British Sperm', which are brands of candle".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Knox Church on the corner of Bealey Avenue and Victoria Street. The gable walls have crumbled, exposing the wooden structure inside. Wire fencing, road cones and cordon tape have been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to Lyttelton following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Forbes' Store on Norwich Quay with a broken awning and damage visible on the brick walls. Scaffolding placed around the building since the 4 September 2010 earthquake has tumbled during the 22 February 2011 earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to Lyttelton following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Forbes' Store on Norwich Quay with a broken awning and damage visible on the brick walls. Scaffolding placed around the building since the 4 September 2010 earthquake has tumbled during the 22 February 2011 earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The corner of Colombo Street and Kilmore Street in the aftermath of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The walls of several buildings along Colombo Street have collapsed, including Sala Thai Restaurant, which has spilled bricks onto the road. A bus has stopped alongside the building and police officers can be seen walking along the road.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A house on Avonside Drive showing damage from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Numerous cracks in the masonry can be seen, and several sections of brick have fallen off the walls. The building's porch has also collapsed. A pile of dried liquefaction is visible in the driveway.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A heart shape made from takeaway cups and a heart-shape felt piece, stitched to the wire fence in front of the Volcano Cafe and Lava Bar. On it are the words "Live. Love. Life". Behind is a pile of bricks, a broken fence and a digger can be partially seen.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Defence Force personnel walking down Norwich Quay during an operational tour of Lyttelton taken by Commander Joint Forces New Zealand, Air Vice Marshal Peter Stockwell and Chief of Army Tim Keating to view the aftermath of the Christchurch Earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A cordoned off area in Christ's College where bricks from the heritage buildings have been removed and stacked. Scaffolding can be seen on the building in the distance and a prefab building to the right which was being used as classrooms while the buildings are still unsafe to enter.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team posing for a photograph on Lichfield Street. In the background is the earthquake-damaged John Burns & Co. Ltd Building. The top storey of the side wall of the building has collapsed and the rubble has spilled into the car park below. Several cars which were crushed by the falling rubble have been stacked next to the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down London Street in Lyttelton, looking east from Canterbury Street. To the left, the damaged Volcano Cafe can be seen, with bricks from the side wall still on the road and wire fencing around the building. A road sign reading, "Road closed" has been placed in front of the street ahead.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The damaged Ozone Hotel on Marine Parade. Fallen bricks lie on the ground in front of the building, which is surrounded by security fencing. The photographer comments, "A bike ride to New Brighton and the beach 3 weeks after the Feb 22 quake. Roads were still very rough and under reconstruction. Some buildings are still standing. but don't look too healthy".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A damaged building on Cashel Street near Oxford Terrace. The top of the facade has fallen off the building into the street below, taking the awning with it. Bricks from the building still lie on the footpath where they fell. Above, the windows have been braced with plywood. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of bricks and other rubble on the footpath outside a building on Lichfield Street. USAR codes have been spray-painted on one of the windows and the front door. A red sticker has been stuck to a column on the right, indicating that the building is unsafe to enter.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to Englefield Lodge on Fitzgerald Avenue. A pile of bricks lies in front of the house, windows are boarded up, and wooden bracing is propping up the walls. A spray-painted message on a wall reads "We will try to save this house." The photographer comments, "A bike ride around the CBD. Englefield, Christchurch's oldest house, in Fitzgerald Ave".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

St John's Church on Winchester Street in Lyttelton. The tower has broken and crumbled, and its roof is visible on the ground to the right. Bricks and broken wood are lying in a pile on the footpath. A red sticker has been placed on the front door as well as a sign reading "No Entry". Fencing has been placed along the footpath to warn people off.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the Royal Hotel on the corner of Norwich Quay and Canterbury Street in Lyttelton. The columns next to the windows have cracked, indicating that there is major structural damage to the building. Wire fencing and cones have been used to create a cordon around the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A pile of bricks, mortar, concrete and rusty metal constituting the remains of Beckenham Baptist Church on Colombo Street. A white sign has been erected outside the church reading, "Our church is still meeting. Please join us on Sunday. We gather in the youth hall, access is from #7 Percival St. (Turn left on Tennyson then left again on Percival)".