Prime Minister John Key at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
Prime Minister John Key at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
Memorial design in the West has been explored in depth (Stevens and Franck, 2016; Williams, 2007), and for landscape architects it presents opportunities and challenges. However, there is little in the English language literature about memorial design in China. How have Chinese designers responded to the commemorative settings of war and disaster? This study will adopt the method of case study to analyse two of the most representative memorials in China: Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall (war) and Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Hall (disaster). Both landscapes have undergone three or four renovations and extensions in the last four decades, demonstrating the practical effects of the Chinese landscape theory. These examples of responses to trauma through memorial landscape interventions are testimonies to the witnesses, victims, abusers, ordinary people, youth and the place where the tragedy took place. This study will explore the reconstruction and expansion of the two memorials under the background of China's policies on memorial landscapes in different periods, as well as their functions of each stage. The research will examine how existing Chinese memorial theories exhibit unique responses at different times in response to the sadness and needs experienced by different users. Key Words:memorial landscape; memorial language; victims; descriptive; architecture; experence; disaster; memorial hall; landscape development; Chinese memorial; war.
Henare Rakiiha Tau speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Dame Malvina Major singing at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Henare Rakiiha Tau speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Henare Rakiiha Tau speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Governor-General Satyanand speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Mayor Bob Parker speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service in Hagley Park.
Members of the public at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service in Hagley Park.
A man performing a haka at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A man performing a haka at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A man performing a haka at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A man performing a haka at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A man in traditional Maori dress performs during the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Prime Minister John Key is interviewed at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
The Woolston brass band performing at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard, attending the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A side view of the large screen used for a memorial service in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
Prime Minister John Key gives a speech at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
Prime Minister John Key holds a dog at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
Timua Brennan singing Whakaaria Mai at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
Prime Minister John Key speaking at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
The New Zealand Army Band perform an item at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
Mayor Bob Parker with his gold mayoral chains at the memorial service held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
A man blows a putatara shell during the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A man performing a haka at the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service in Hagley Park.
Workers from Christchurch Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) are among the crowd at a memorial service in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
A banner reading, 'Rise up Christchurch' flying above the Christchurch Earthquake Memorial Service. The service was held in Hagley Park on 18 March 2011.
A memorial service is held in Latimer Square on the anniversary of the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Flowers and photos are left at the steps of the temporary memorial.