1. INTRODUCTION. Earthquakes and geohazards, such as liquefaction, landslides and rock falls, constitute a major risk for New Zealand communities and can have devastating impacts as the Canterbury 2010/2011 experience shows. Development patterns expose communities to an array of natural hazards, including tsunamis, floods, droughts, and sea level rise amongst others. Fostering community resilience is therefore vitally important. As the rhetoric of resilience is mainstreamed into the statutory framework, a major challenge emerges: how can New Zealand operationalize this complex and sometimes contested concept and build ‘community capitals’? This research seeks to provide insights to this question by critically evaluating how community capitals are conceptualized and how they can contribute to community resilience in the context of the Waimakariri District earthquake recovery and regeneration process.
Successful urban regeneration projects generate benefits that are realised over a much longer timeframe than normal market developments and benefits well beyond those that can be uplifted by a market developer. Consequently there is substantial evidence in the literature that successful place-making and urban regeneration projects are usually public-private partnerships and involve a funder, usually local or central government, willing to contribute ‘patient’ capital. Following the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes that devastated the centre of Christchurch, there was an urgent need to rebuild and revitalise the heart of the city, and increasing the number of people living in or near the city centre was seen as a key ingredient of that. In October 2010, an international competition was launched to design and build an Urban Village, a project intended to stimulate renewed residential development in the city. The competition attracted 58 entrants from around world, and in October 2013 the winning team was chosen from four finalists. However the team failed to secure sufficient finance, and in November 2015 the Government announced that the development would not proceed. The Government was unwilling or unable to recognise that an insistence on a pure market approach would not deliver the innovative sustainable village asked for in the competition brief, and failed to factor in the opportunity cost to government, local government, local businesses and the wider Christchurch community of delaying by many years the residential development of the eastern side of the city. As a result, the early vision of the vitality that a thriving residential neighbourhood would bring to the city has not yet been realised.
A photograph of the Peaches and Cream store on the corner of Tuam and Manchester Streets taken shortly after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The shop windows have broken and plaster work has chipped off the corner of the building, onto the street.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "The future of Calendar Girls is uncertain, because although it survived the earthquakes well, it is now within the zone called 'The Frame' and may not be deemed to be a suitable use for that zone".
A photographer outside the Christchurch Art Gallery. Behind him, members of Civil Defence have gathered outside after an aftershock hit during one of their briefings. The Christchurch Art Gallery served as the headquarters for Civil Defence after the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
A crushed car outside the Stand Gourmet Takeout and Cafe on Norwich Quay in Lyttelton. The front wall of the top storey crumbled during the earthquake and landed on top of the car. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.
A chimney on a house in Spreydon. The bricks at the top of the chimney flew off the house during the earthquake and into the neighbour's property. The remaining bricks are unstable, with cracks in between and will have to be removed by hand.
A team of Fire Service and Search and Rescue personnel using a crane to check the Forsyth Barr building for people trapped by the 22 February 2011 earthquake. A sign reading, "Help" has been stuck to a window in the floor below.
A photograph submitted by Raymond Morris to the QuakeStories website. The description reads, "This painting of the ‘Frame workshop’ 456 Colombo St. Sydenham is by artist Raymond Morris. It is one of many paintings he has done of buildings demolished in the earthquakes 2010-2011.".
A photograph of the earthquake damage to a property in the Christchurch central city. Part of the roof of the property has collapsed, spilling material onto the balcony below. A sign in the foreground reads, "Wots your councillor doing for your water?".
The collapsed chimney of a property on Robson Avenue in Avonside. It has fallen on to the property's front lawn as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake, and the section of roof it fell from has been weather proofed with a red tarpaulin.
The lid of a septic tank that has been buried in the ground beside the footpath on Robson Avenue in Avonside. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
The collapsed chimney of a property on Robson Avenue in Avonside. It has fallen on to the property's front lawn as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake, and the section of roof it fell from has been weather proofed with a red tarpaulin.
A photograph of the lens of the Townsend Telescope. The lens is the most crucial component of the telescope. Despite damage to the surrounding parts, the lens was unharmed during the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Because of this, the telescope can be restored.
A report created by the University of Canterbury Quake Centre and the University of Auckland, funded by the Building Research Levy. It shows how an innovation process was initiated and managed throughout the rebuilding of the horizontal infrastructure after the Canterbury earthquakes.
The empty conservatory of house on Avonside Drive that has been abandoned due to damage from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. The metal frame of the conservatory has bent and sections of glass have broken. Cracks can be seen in the building's foundation.
For the first time in November 2011, Christchurch residents finally had the opportunity to see the earthquake-damaged city centre on the Red Zone bus tours organised by CERA. The podium which formerly held the Godley statue. Behind is the Regent Theatre dome which has been removed from the building.
A photograph of a sign protesting the red stickering of Avoca Valley houses. The sign reads, "459 days since being evicted from our Avoca Valley homes. Communities make a city. Decisions now! Let us go home. Facebook: Avoca Valley Earthquake Recovery Authority".
A photograph of a sign protesting the red stickering of Avoca Valley houses. The sign reads, "459 days since being evicted from our Avoca Valley homes. Communities make a city. Decisions now! Let us go home. Facebook: Avoca Valley Earthquake Recovery Authority".
A close-up photograph of parts of the Townsend Telescope recovered from the rubble of the Observatory tower. The telescope was housed in the tower at the Christchurch Arts Centre. It was severely damaged when the tower collapsed during the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
A photograph of a sign protesting the red stickering of Avoca Valley houses. The sign reads, "459 days since being evicted from our Avoca Valley homes. Communities make a city. Decisions now! Let us go home. Facebook: Avoca Valley Earthquake Recovery Authority".
The lids of septic tanks that have been buried in the ground beside the footpath on Robson Avenue in Avonside. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the 4 September 2010 earthquake.
A photograph of parts of the Townsend Telescope recovered from the rubble of the Observatory tower. The telescope was housed in the tower at the Christchurch Arts Centre. It was severely damaged when the tower collapsed during the 22 February 2011 earthquake.
The collapsed chimney of a property on Robson Avenue in Avonside. It has fallen on to the property's front lawn as a result of the 4 September 2010 earthquake, and the roof it fell from has been weather proofed with a red tarpaulin.
A digger demolishes Henry Africa's restaurant. The photographer comments, "A building housing a restaurant and a great little neighbourhood bar is finally coming down because of earthquake damage. The left half. Janes Bar and one of the upstairs flats were still standing today, but they'll be gone soon".
An entry from Deb Robertson's blog for 19 November 2012 entitled, "Christchurch: Trying to make sense of living here....".
An entry from Deb Robertson's blog for 17 July 2013 entitled, "ps, I love you too".
A photograph of the Domo furniture store, Whites Building and the Edison Building on Tuam Street shortly after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Members of the public can be seen walking down the road as they attempt to leave the central city.
A photograph of a trolley stacked with computers and keyboards in the Civil Suite at the University of Canterbury after the 4 September 2010 earthquake. The photograph was taken on the day when the staff were allowed to return to the building.
A member of the Los Angeles County Fire Department Search and Rescue Team with an Australian Police Officer outside the US Aid tent in Latimer Square. After the 22 February 2011 earthquake, emergency service agencies set up their headquarters in Latimer Square.