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Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Maling Street in Avonside showing a pile of discarded building rubble from one of the houses. Beside the footpath the blue lids of septic tanks can be seen. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the September earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Maling Street in Avonside showing a pile of discarded building rubble from one of the houses. Beside the footpath the blue lids of septic tanks can be seen. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the September earthquake.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video of an interview with Hamish Griffen and Leila Chrystall about their property in the Flockton Basin. Griffen and Chrystall had to leave their house after the flooding made it unliveable. This video was part of a series of videos about residents in the flood-prone Flockton Basin.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Maling Street in Avonside showing damage to the road surface and the footpath from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Beside the footpath the blue lids of septic tanks can be seen. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the September earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the inside of a fridge in a flat on Poplar Street taken during the Residential Access Project. The project gave residents temporary access within the red-zone cordon in order to retrieve items from their homes. The contents of the fridge have gone mouldy after being left in there for three weeks.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Water tanks on the Sumner Esplanade. Both have prominent notices advising that water must be boiled before use. On one tank is a notice advertising a community hub where residents can get assistance, and on the other is written "Free use of for Christchurch earthquake. Please return to Wymers Domestic Water Carriers, Hamilton".

Images, Canterbury Museum

One portable toilet comprising of a black toilet seat and lid attached to a grey bucket; sticky label on the front features an image of the toilet, lightning and text including 'Thunder Down Under / Portable Toilet'; manufacturer's mark on lid reads 'Elemental'. Residents who owned commercially produced portable toilets like this ‘Thunder Down ...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One green plastic Port-A-Loo door with surround, lock and mirror on interior; Port-A-Loo logo on front. One of the most immediate challenges facing Christchurch residents following the 22 February 2011 earthquake was the restriction on using residential toilet facilities. The restrictions were implemented due to the extensive damage to sewerage...

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

As a global phenomenon, many cities are undergoing urban renewal to accommodate rapid growth in urban population. However, urban renewal can struggle to balance social, economic, and environmental outcomes, whereby economic outcomes are often primarily considered by developers. This has important implications for urban forests, which have previously been shown to be negatively affected by development activities. Urban forests serve the purpose of providing ecosystem services and thus are beneficial to human wellbeing. Better understanding the effect of urban renewal on city trees may help improve urban forest outcomes via effective management and policy strategies, thereby maximising ecosystem service provision and human wellbeing. Though the relationship between certain aspects of development and urban forests has received consideration in previous literature, little research has focused on how the complete property redevelopment cycle affects urban forest dynamics over time. This research provides an opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effect of residential property redevelopment on urban forest dynamics, at a range of spatial scales, in Christchurch, New Zealand following a series of major earthquakes which occurred in 2010 – 2011. One consequence of the earthquakes is the redevelopment of thousands of properties over a relatively short time-frame. The research quantifies changes in canopy cover city-wide, as well as, tree removal, retention, and planting on individual residential properties. Moreover, the research identifies the underlying reasons for these dynamics, by exploring the roles of socio-economic and demographic factors, the spatial relationships between trees and other infrastructure, and finally, the attitudes of residential property owners. To quantify the effect of property redevelopment on canopy cover change in Christchurch, this research delineated tree canopy cover city-wide in 2011 and again in 2015. An object-based image analysis (OBIA) technique was applied to aerial imagery and LiDAR data acquired at both time steps, in order to estimate city-wide canopy cover for 2011 and 2015. Changes in tree canopy cover between 2011 and 2015 were then spatially quantified. Tree canopy cover change was also calculated for all meshblocks (a relatively fine-scale geographic boundary) in Christchurch. The results show a relatively small magnitude of tree canopy cover loss, city-wide, from 10.8% to 10.3% between 2011 and 2015, but a statistically significant change in mean tree canopy cover across all the meshblocks. Tree canopy cover losses were more likely to occur in meshblocks containing properties that underwent a complete redevelopment cycle, but the loss was insensitive to the density of redevelopment within meshblocks. To explore property-scale individual tree dynamics, a mixed-methods approach was used, combining questionnaire data and remote sensing analysis. A mail-based questionnaire was delivered to residential properties to collect resident and household data; 450 residential properties (321 redeveloped, 129 non- redeveloped) returned valid questionnaires and were identified as analysis subjects. Subsequently, 2,422 tree removals and 4,544 tree retentions were identified within the 450 properties; this was done by manually delineating individual tree crowns, based on aerial imagery and LiDAR data, and visually comparing the presence or absence of these trees between 2011 and 2015. The tree removal rate on redeveloped properties (44.0%) was over three times greater than on non-redeveloped properties (13.5%) and the average canopy cover loss on redeveloped properties (52.2%) was significantly greater than on non-redeveloped properties (18.8%). A classification tree (CT) analysis was used to model individual tree dynamics (i.e. tree removal, tree retention) and candidate explanatory variables (i.e. resident and household, economic, land cover, and spatial variables). The results indicate that the model including land cover, spatial, and economic variables had the best predicting ability for individual tree dynamics (accuracy = 73.4%). Relatively small trees were more likely to be removed, while trees with large crowns were more likely to be retained. Trees were most likely to be removed from redeveloped properties with capital values lower than NZ$1,060,000 if they were within 1.4 m of the boundary of a redeveloped building. Conversely, trees were most likely to be retained if they were on a property that was not redeveloped. The analysis suggested that the resident and household factors included as potential explanatory variables did not influence tree removal or retention. To conduct a further exploration of the relationship between resident attitudes and actions towards trees on redeveloped versus non-redeveloped properties, this research also asked the landowners from the 450 properties that returned mail questionnaires to indicate their attitudes towards tree management (i.e. tree removal, tree retention, and tree planting) on their properties. The results show that residents from redeveloped properties were more likely to remove and/or plant trees, while residents from non- redeveloped properties were more likely to retain existing trees. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore resident attitudes towards tree management. The results of the PCA show that residents identified ecosystem disservices (e.g. leaf litter, root damage to infrastructure) as common reasons for tree removal; however, they also noted ecosystem services as important reasons for both tree planting and tree retention on their properties. Moreover, the reasons for tree removal and tree planting varied based on whether residents’ property had been redeveloped. Most tree removal occurred on redeveloped properties because trees were in conflict with redevelopment, but occurred on non- redeveloped properties because of perceived poor tree health. Residents from redeveloped properties were more likely to plant trees due to being aesthetically pleasing or to replace trees removed during redevelopment. Overall, this research adds to, and complements, the existing literature on the effects of residential property redevelopment on urban forest dynamics. The findings of this research provide empirical support for developing specific legislation or policies about urban forest management during residential property redevelopment. The results also imply that urban foresters should enhance public education on the ecosystem services provided by urban forests and thus minimise the potential for tree removal when undertaking property redevelopment.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A poster created by Empowered Christchurch to advertise their submission to the CERA Draft Transition Recovery Plan on social media.The poster reads, "Submission, CERA Draft Transition Recovery Plan. Risk Acceptance. It is the role of insurance companies, the EQC included, to accept the risks covered under their terms of reference/policies and compensate policyholders when such risks eventuate. However, many policyholders in Christchurch have not been compensated for the damage to their homes and their lives. These responsibilities need to be faced by the entities responsible. An equitable solution needs to be found for properties with hazards such as flooding that are a direct result of the earthquakes. In tandem with this, every effort must be made to protect residents from the risks posed by climate change. We need a city that is driven by the people that live in it, and enabled by a bureaucracy that accepts and mitigates risks, rather than transferring them to the most vulnerable residents".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Robin Duff standing on the porch of his house at 386 Oxford Terrace. There is a sign in the window to his left depicting a bulldozer with a line through it. The photographer comments, "Avon Loop resident Donna Allfrey made this sign for Duff".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Robin Duff standing on the porch of his house at 386 Oxford Terrace. There is a sign in the window to his left depicting a bulldozer with a line through it. The photographer comments, "Avon Loop resident Donna Allfrey made this sign for Duff".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Robin Duff standing on the porch of his house at 386 Oxford Terrace. There is a sign in the window to his left depicting a bulldozer with a line through it. The photographer comments, "Avon Loop resident Donna Allfrey made this sign for Duff".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a dusty monitor in an earthquake-damaged building on Poplar Street taken during the Residential Access Project. The Residential Access Project gave residents temporary access within the red-zone cordon in order to retrieve items from their homes after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Dislodged bricks can also be seen around the monitor.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of workers in fluorescent vests standing in front of the earthquake damaged McKenzie and Willis Building. The photograph was taken on 29 April 2011 during the Residential Access Project which gave residents temporary access within the red-zone cordon in order to retrieve items from their homes after the 22 February 2011 earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a carton of eggs inside the fridge of a flat on Poplar Street during the Residential Access Project. The project gave residents temporary access within the red-zone cordon in order to retrieve items from their homes. The contents of the fridge have gone mouldy after being left in there for three weeks.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a Christchurch City Council completed authorization form. This form was part of the Residential Access Project which gave residents temporary access within the red-zone cordon in order to retrieve items from their homes after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. Personal information has been removed from this photograph in order to protect the individual's privacy.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An image from a Army News March 2011 article titled, "Territorial Force". The image shows members of the Central and Lower North Island Territorial Units clearing silt from a resident's garden in east Christchurch. On the left is Private Quentin Chat of Taranaki, and Corporal Samuel Hatcher of Wellington is on the right.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch earthquake. Kate Shephard rest home prepare to move some residents out as home is no longer livable. L-R: Renee Hayman, 43, paraplegic, and Denyse Parkes, 46, who has had 5 strokes, have moved in together as their accommodation has been condemned and deemed unlivable".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch earthquake. Kate Shephard rest home prepare to move some residents out as home is no longer livable. L-R: Renee Hayman, 43, paraplegic, and Denyse Parkes, 46, who has had 5 strokes, have moved in together as their accommodation has been condemned and deemed unlivable".

Audio, Radio New Zealand

The number of speed camera tickets being issued skyrockets, police say it's about road safety, the AA's not so sure. Crisis talks in Europe over the Greek debt crisis... and its impact on the Eurozone and there were angry scenes at a Christchurch meeting last night as residents tried to stop a dump for earthquake debris being built in their suburb.

Audio, Radio New Zealand

Six years on from the Christchurch earthquakes, one in five residents of the city say the disaster is still taking its toll. The latest wellbeing survey by the Canterbury DHB found people living in north-east and east Christchurch were the most likely to be suffering from issues such as anxiety, from ongoing aftershocks, being in a damaged environment, and surrounded by construction.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Maling Street in Avonside showing damage to the road surface and the footpath that has resulted from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Beside the footpath the blue lids of septic tanks can be seen. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch was rocked by a large aftershock shortly after 8am this morning. Social Development Minister Paula Bennett has donated money to the thousand of students who have filled the suburbs lending a hand to residents to clean up their properties. Bennett gets a lift with volunteer Bernie Shaperio in his Jeep".

Articles, UC QuakeStudies

An PDF copy of a poster featuring Riccarton resident Ema Tabukovu. The poster quotes Tabukovu: "I always feel good after a game with the girls." The poster is from the All Right? I am ... Identity project, which sought to celebrate identity and its importance to Pacific youth and their wellbeing.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video of an interview with Warwick and Margo Schulz, residents of the red-zoned Arnst Place in Dallington. The Schulzes talk about how their life has changed since the 4 September 2010 earthquake. This video is part of The Press's 'One Year On: September 4, 2010' series.

Articles, UC QuakeStudies

An PDF copy of a poster featuring Upper Riccarton resident Salote Tagicakibau. The poster quotes Tagicakibau: "My family are really supportive of me playing." The poster is from the All Right? I am ... Identity project, which sought to celebrate identity and its importance to Pacific youth and their wellbeing.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Robson Avenue in Avonside showing damage to the road surface and the footpath that has resulted from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. On the left the blue lid of a septic tank can be seen. These tanks were installed in front of Avonside properties to allow residents to use their toilets after the September earthquake.