A photograph of a member of an emergency management team in a room inside an earthquake-damaged house. The chimney and fireplace in the room have collapsed and the bricks have spilled across the floor.
A photograph of the earthquake damage to a building on the corner of Manchester Street and Struthers Lane. The front wall of the building has crumbled, exposing the rooms inside. One is covered in graffiti.
A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Canterbury Provincial Chambers. The top section of the building has crumbled, taking the scaffolding with it. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.
A photograph of the earthquake damage to the back of a building on Madras Street. The outer walls of the building have collapsed and the bricks and other rubble have spilled onto the car park.
A digitally manipulated image of a excavator claw tangled with reinforcing cable, with a damaged concrete building in the background. The photographer comments, "The monster destroying the earthquake broken buildings close to the Lyttelton tunnel".
A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Cranmer Centre on the corner of Montreal and Armagh Streets. The front wall of the building has crumbled, and the bricks have spilt onto the pavement below.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Risk revealed: Ten years ago the Northern Outlook printed a front page story about possible damage from a 7.2 magnitude earthquake in the land between the Ashley and Waimakariri rivers".
Tents set up in the Arts car park at the University of Canterbury after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The tents were used as temporary lecture rooms while the buildings were being checked for damage.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Hugh Hobden, the Model Yacht Club's Commodore, said the club's sailing has been disrupted with the September earthquake severely damaging Victoria Lake, forcing their members to relocate to the Groynes ponds".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Hugh Hobden, the Model Yacht Club's Commodore, said the club's sailing has been disrupted with the September earthquake severely damaging Victoria Lake, forcing their members to relocate to the Groynes ponds".
A photograph of the earthquake damage to the back of a building on Madras Street. The outer walls of the building have collapsed and the bricks and other rubble have spilled onto the car park.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Gunyah homestead was badly damaged during the September 4th 2010 earthquake, but the Cottrell family are picking up the pieces and rebuilding. The dining room directly below the master bedroom".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Gunyah homestead was badly damaged during the September 4th 2010 earthquake, but the Cottrell family are picking up the pieces and rebuilding. The dining room directly below the master bedroom".
Sewerage systems convey sewage, or wastewater, from residential or commercial buildings through complex reticulation networks to treatment plants. During seismic events both transient ground motion and permanent ground deformation can induce physical damage to sewerage system components, limiting or impeding the operability of the whole system. The malfunction of municipal sewerage systems can result in the pollution of nearby waterways through discharge of untreated sewage, pose a public health threat by preventing the use of appropriate sanitation facilities, and cause serious inconvenience for rescuers and residents. Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand, was seriously affected by the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES) in 2010-2011. The CES imposed widespread damage to the Christchurch sewerage system (CSS), causing a significant loss of functionality and serviceability to the system. The Christchurch City Council (CCC) relied heavily on temporary sewerage services for several months following the CES. The temporary services were supported by use of chemical and portable toilets to supplement the damaged wastewater system. The rebuild delivery agency -Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Team (SCIRT) was created to be responsible for repair of 85 % of the damaged horizontal infrastructure (i.e., water, wastewater, stormwater systems, and roads) in Christchurch. Numerous initiatives to create platforms/tools aiming to, on the one hand, support the understanding, management and mitigation of seismic risk for infrastructure prior to disasters, and on the other hand, to support the decision-making for post-disaster reconstruction and recovery, have been promoted worldwide. Despite this, the CES in New Zealand highlighted that none of the existing platforms/tools are either accessible and/or readable or usable by emergency managers and decision makers for restoring the CSS. Furthermore, the majority of existing tools have a sole focus on the engineering perspective, while the holistic process of formulating recovery decisions is based on system-wide approach, where a variety of factors in addition to technical considerations are involved. Lastly, there is a paucity of studies focused on the tools and frameworks for supporting decision-making specifically on sewerage system restoration after earthquakes. This thesis develops a decision support framework for sewerage pipe and system restoration after earthquakes, building on the experience and learning of the organisations involved in recovering the CSS following the CES in 2010-2011. The proposed decision support framework includes three modules: 1) Physical Damage Module (PDM); 2) Functional Impact Module (FIM); 3) Pipeline Restoration Module (PRM). The PDM provides seismic fragility matrices and functions for sewer gravity and pressure pipelines for predicting earthquake-induced physical damage, categorised by pipe materials and liquefaction zones. The FIM demonstrates a set of performance indicators that are categorised in five domains: structural, hydraulic, environmental, social and economic domains. These performance indicators are used to assess loss of wastewater system service and the induced functional impacts in three different phases: emergency response, short-term recovery and long-term restoration. Based on the knowledge of the physical and functional status-quo of the sewerage systems post-earthquake captured through the PDM and FIM, the PRM estimates restoration time of sewer networks by use of restoration models developed using a Random Forest technique and graphically represented in terms of restoration curves. The development of a decision support framework for sewer recovery after earthquakes enables decision makers to assess physical damage, evaluate functional impacts relating to hydraulic, environmental, structural, economic and social contexts, and to predict restoration time of sewerage systems. Furthermore, the decision support framework can be potentially employed to underpin system maintenance and upgrade by guiding system rehabilitation and to monitor system behaviours during business-as-usual time. In conjunction with expert judgement and best practices, this framework can be moreover applied to assist asset managers in targeting the inclusion of system resilience as part of asset maintenance programmes.
Damage to TJ's Kazbah in New Brighton. The east and north walls and part of the upper floor have collapsed, tipping rubble and the contents of the rooms out onto the street. The photographer comments, "The occupants of the business and rooms all managed to escape alive. A digger was used to make the building safe and then used to sift through the rubble for any surviving belongings. It was a very emotional time for the ex-occupants".
The 22 February 2011, Mw6.2-6.3 Christchurch earthquake is the most costly earthquake to affect New Zealand, causing 181 fatalities and severely damaging thousands of residential and commercial buildings, and most of the city lifelines and infrastructure. This manuscript presents an overview of observed geotechnical aspects of this earthquake as well as some of the completed and on-going research investigations. A unique aspect, which is particularly emphasized, is the severity and spatial extent of liquefaction occurring in native soils. Overall, both the spatial extent and severity of liquefaction in the city was greater than in the preceding 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake, including numerous areas that liquefied in both events. Liquefaction and lateral spreading, variable over both large and short spatial scales, affected commercial structures in the Central Business District (CBD) in a variety of ways including: total and differential settlements and tilting; punching settlements of structures with shallow foundations; differential movements of components of complex structures; and interaction of adjacent structures via common foundation soils. Liquefaction was most severe in residential areas located to the east of the CBD as a result of stronger ground shaking due to the proximity to the causative fault, a high water table approximately 1m from the surface, and soils with composition and states of high susceptibility and potential for liquefaction. Total and differential settlements, and lateral movements, due to liquefaction and lateral spreading is estimated to have severely compromised 15,000 residential structures, the majority of which otherwise sustained only minor to moderate damage directly due to inertial loading from ground shaking. Liquefaction also had a profound effect on lifelines and other infrastructure, particularly bridge structures, and underground services. Minor damage was also observed at flood stop banks to the north of the city, which were more severely impacted in the 4th September 2010 Darfield earthquake. Due to the large high-frequency ground motion in the Port hills numerous rock falls and landslides also occurred, resulting in several fatalities and rendering some residential areas uninhabitable.
The damaged Knox Church on Bealey Avenue. The brick walls have collapsed, exposing the wooden structure beneath. The photographer comments, "Bealey Avenue is open to traffic, as are many of the side streets, and the damage to buildings along this street is quite impressive and perhaps just a small taste of the damage that lies beyond the cordon ... At the Hagley Park end of Bealey Avenue lies the Knox Church. This church suffered in the first earthquake and featured in the news a fair bit at the time. It's crazy to think that all that appeared to be damaged then were some bricks that had fallen from near the roof. Now, Knox Church is all but a wooden frame holding up a roof. It's eerie to drive past this large church and be able to look straight through it to trees on the other side".
Following the 5.8 and 6.0 quakes of 23/12/11 there is further damage to the track separating the Bexley Wetlands from the Pacific Park housing area.
Following the 5.8 and 6.0 quakes of 23/12/11 there is further damage to the track separating the Bexley Wetlands from the Pacific Park housing area.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "A detail of the new Christchurch Press building. This facade is a replica of the previous Press building's facade which was badly damaged in the 22 February 2011 earthquake".
A photograph of a cordon made from wire fencing, road cones and tape on the intersection of Manchester and Welles Streets. In the background, bricks from a earthquake-damaged building are piled on the footpath.
A photograph of emergency management personnel inspecting the earthquake damage to a concrete beam inside a building. The concrete near the bottom of the beam has crumbled and the steel reinforcement inside is now exposed.
A photograph of earthquake damage to the Canterbury Provincial Chambers Buildings, taken from Oxford Terrace, across the Avon River. One of the chimneys has fallen onto the roof, knocking off tiles and pieces of masonry.
A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team inside an earthquake-damaged house. One of the ERT members is climbing a staircase covered in rubble from a collapsed interior wall.
A photograph of a cordon made from wire fencing, road cones and tape on the intersection of Manchester and Welles Streets. In the background, bricks from a earthquake-damaged building are piled on the footpath.
A photograph of members of the Wellington Emergency Management Office Emergency Response Team working on Tuam Street near the intersection of High Street. In the background are several piles of rubble from earthquake-damaged buildings.
The Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament on Barbadoes Street, severely damaged after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The domes on either side of the Cathedral have collapsed and are lying in the area in front.
The Governors Bay community weren't going to accept a Christchurch council decision to close the 140 year old jetty following earthquake damage in 2011. Nick Harwood's part of the group and handily a geotechnical engineer.
A photograph of the earthquake damaged M J Knowles Building on Tuam Street. The wall has either collapsed or been removed leaving the inside of the building exposed. Loose bricks from the wall cover the footpath.
A photograph of the earthquake damaged M J Knowles Building on Tuam Street. The wall has either collapsed or been removed leaving the inside of the building exposed. Loose bricks from the wall cover the footpath.