A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Challenges with retaining walls in Dublin Street, Lyttelton".
A photograph showing the interior of an attic apartment revealed by a partially collapsed wall.
A photograph of cracks in the outer wall of St Elmo Courts on Hereford Street.
Volunteers in hard hats and high-visibility vests, constructing a wall of the Pallet Pavilion.
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Shoring up the retaining wall, Coleridge Terrace, Lyttelton".
A damaged brick wall around a courtyard garden on Ash Street, seen from Madras Street.
Damage to the Cranmer Courts. Missing sections of wall have been replaced with plywood sheeting.
Steel bracing erected against the wall of a damaged building to prevent any further damage.
Damage to the Cranmer Courts. Missing sections of wall have been replaced with plywood sheeting.
Damage to Cranmer Courts, formerly the Normal School. The tower has collapsed, exposing interior walls.
Street Art in Christchurch: a Felix the Cat-like cartoon spray painted on a wall.
Overgrown property in a residential area. The house has big cracks down the exterior wall.
A damaged building on Madras Street. The upper part of the brick wall has collapsed.
Detail of a section of the brick wall on the Weston House which has crumbled.
Severe cracks in the plaster of an interior wall in the Durham Street Methodist Church.
Cracks on a building where a section of wall has fallen and been boarded up.
The sign for Gap Filler's "Dance-O-Mat" on the wall of a nearby building.
A photograph showing the interior of an attic apartment revealed by a partially collapsed wall.
A photograph of sponsors' logos on the wall at Chambers art gallery on Moorhouse Avenue.
A crack in a wall of the University of Canterbury Electronic Learning Media team's offices.
A photograph of the Grant Thornton building in Cathedral Square with damage to the walls.
Severe cracks in the plaster of an interior wall in the Durham Street Methodist Church.
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Wall of the Catholic Convent, Exeter Street, Lyttelton".
The damaged gable walls of the Cranmer Centre are protected by tarpaulins and wooden framing.
Stones fallen from the gable wall of St John the Baptist church in Latimer Square.
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "A collapsed stone wall in Godley Quay, Lyttelton".
A photograph of earthquake damage to the wall above a window of the Cranmer Centre.
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Shoring up the retaining wall, Dublin Street, Lyttelton".
A residential property in Bexley with an overgrown garden. A spray-painted message on the wall of the house reads, "Thanks 4 the memories, 1997-2012, kia kaha". The photographer comments, "Today I took a drive around the residential area between Bexley and New Brighton. It was a stark reminder to be thankful for the situation we're in and perhaps not complain too much that our garden wall hasn't yet been rebuilt ... Saddest of all are the messages that have been scrawled on walls and garage doors by departing locals. At one end of the scale, thanking the family home for the memories, and at the other end of the scale cursing the looters which have made a bad situation that much more unbearable".
Axial elongation of reinforced concrete (RC) plastic hinges has previously been observed in a range of laboratory experiments, and more recently was observed in several Christchurch buildings following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Axial restraint to plastic hinges is provided by adjacent structural components such as floors as the plastic hinges elongate, which can significantly alter the performance of the plastic hinge and potentially invalidate the capacity design strength hierarchy of the building. Coupling beams in coupled wall systems are particularly susceptible to axial restraint effects due to their importance in the strength hierarchy, the high ductility demands that they experience, and the large stiffness of bounding walls. From computational modelling it has been found that ignoring axial restraint effects when designing coupled walls can result in significantly increased strength, reduced ductility and reduced energy dissipation capacity. The complexity of the topic merits further research to better account for realistic restraint effects when designing coupled walls.