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Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Recent global tsunami events have highlighted the importance of effective tsunami risk management strategies (including land-use planning, structural and natural defences, warning systems, education and evacuation measures). However, the rarity of tsunami means that empirical data concerning reactions to tsunami warnings and tsunami evacuation behaviour is rare when compared to findings about evacuations to avoid other sources of hazard. To date empirical research into tsunami evacuations has focused on evacuation rates, rather than other aspects of the evacuation process. More knowledge is required about responses to warnings, pre-evacuation actions, evacuation dynamics and the return home after evacuations. Tsunami evacuation modelling has the potential to inform evidence-based tsunami risk planning and response. However to date tsunami evacuation models have largely focused on timings of evacuations, rather than evacuation behaviours. This Masters research uses a New Zealand case study to reduce both of these knowledge gaps. Qualitative survey data was gathered from populations across coastal communities in Banks Peninsula and Christchurch, New Zealand, required to evacuate due to the tsunami generated by the November 14th 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake. Survey questions asked about reactions to tsunami warnings, actions taken prior to evacuating and movements during the 2016 tsunami evacuation. This data was analysed to characterise trends and identify factors that influenced evacuation actions and behaviour. Finally, it was used to develop an evacuation model for Banks Peninsula. Where appropriate, the modelling inputs were informed by the survey data. Three key findings were identified from the results of the evacuation behaviour survey. Although 38% of the total survey respondents identified the earthquake shaking as a natural cue for the tsunami, most relied on receiving official warnings, including sirens, to prompt evacuations. Respondents sought further official information to inform their evacuation decisions, with 39% of respondents delaying their evacuation in order to do so. Finally, 96% of total respondents evacuated by car. This led to congestion, particularly in more densely populated Christchurch city suburbs. Prior to this research, evacuation modelling had not been completed for Banks Peninsula. The results of the modelling showed that if evacuees know how to respond to tsunami warnings and where and how to evacuate, there are no issues. However, if there are poor conditions, including if people do not evacuate immediately, if there are issues with the roading network, or if people do not know where or how to evacuate, evacuation times increase with there being more bottlenecks leading out of the evacuation zones. The results of this thesis highlight the importance of effective tsunami education and evacuation planning. Reducing exposure to tsunami risk through prompt evacuation relies on knowledge of how to interpret tsunami warnings, and when, where and how to evacuate. Recommendations from this research outline the need for public education and engagement, and the incorporation of evacuation signage, information boards and evacuation drills. Overall these findings provide more comprehensive picture of tsunami evacuation behaviour and decision making based on empirical data from a recent evacuation, which can be used to improve tsunami risk management strategies. This empirical data can also be used to inform evacuation modelling to improve the accuracy and realism of the evacuation models.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Rachel Mullins from the Christchurch City Council taking part in #FiveYearsOn. The Christchurch City Council was an All Right? Champion. Mullins holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... more optimistic and capable." All Right? posted the photograph on their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:12am. All Right? captioned the photograph, "Rachel from the Christchurch City Council is feeling more optimistic and capable".

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A stop motion video promoting the All Right? Hidden Strengths quiz. The video uses a culinary theme to depict kindness as a hidden strength. Alphabet pasta in a pan arranges itself to read, "Knowing your hidden strengths can boost your relationships," before being made into minestrone. All Right? uploaded the video to YouTube on 29 June, and posted the video to their Facebook Timeline on 30 June 2016 at 3:04pm.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Henry Jaiswal, General Manager of Canterbury Migrants Centre, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Canterbury Migrant Centre Trust was an All Right? Champion. Jaiswal holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... Awesome!" All Right? posted the photograph to their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:12am. All Right? captioned the photograph. "Henry from the Christchurch Migrant Centre Trust is feeling awesome! #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Claire Calkin, Health Promoter for Pacific Trust Canterbury, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Pacific Trust was an All Right? Champion. Claire holds a sign which reads, "Five years on I feel... All Good!' All Right? Posted the photograph on their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:11am. All Right? captioned the photograph. "Claire from Pacific Trust Canterbury is feeling all good! #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Vaea Hutchen, Health Promoter for All Right?, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Hutchen holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... brighter and ready to go// Vaea, Aranui". All Right? posted the photograph on their Facebook page on 23 February 2016 at 6.00pm. All Right? captioned the photograph, "Aranui's Vaea from All Right? is feeling brighter and ready to go! #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Suzanne Lemon, Manager for Westpac Upper Riccarton, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Westpac Upper Riccarton was an All Right? Champion. Lemon holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... braver and kinder." All Right? posted the photograph to their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:12am. All Right? captioned the photograph. "Suzanne from Westpac is feeling braver and kinder. #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An image used as a cover photo on the All Right Facebook page. The image shows three people laughing while preparing food and reads, "Discover your hidden strengths. allright.org.nz." The image promotes the All Right? Hidden Strengths project, which encouraged people to take and share a VIA personality survey. All Right? uploaded the image to their Facebook page as a cover photo on 24 June 2016 at 8:37am.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An image featuring quotes from Henry Jaiswal (General Manager for Canterbury Migrants Centre Trust), Suzanne Lemon (Manager the Westpac Upper Riccarton) and Mark Jenkins (Manager for Westpac The Palms). The image reads, "Five years on I feel... Awesome! Henry Jaiswal, Christchurch Migrant Centre Trust. Tired, but hopeful. Suzanne Lemon, Upper Riccarton. Optimistic. Mark Jenkins, Westpac (The Palms)." All Right? uploaded the image as a Facebook cover photo on 1 March 2016 at 3:02pm.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Sue Turner, Manager for All Right?, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Turner holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... Frustrated but hopeful for the future.... Sue, St Martins." All Right? posted the photograph on their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:12am. All Right? captioned the photograph. "Sue - the manager of All Right? - from St Martins is feeling frustrated by hopeful for the future".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph Sharon McFarlane from the Christchurch City Council taking part in #FiveYearsOn. The Christchurch City Council was an All Right? Champion. McFarlane holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... Grateful." All Right? posted the photograph on their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:12am. All Right? captioned the photograph. "Sharon from the Christchurch City Council is feeling grateful. #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Donovan Ryan, Communications Advisor for All Right?, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Ryan holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... there's a long way to go! Donovan St Albans." All Right? posted the photograph to their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:27am. All Right? captioned the photograph, "Donovan from St Albans feels there's a long way to go. #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the opening slide of a presentation at the second annual Out of the Heart Pacific Women's Leadership Conference, held at Riccarton Racecourse on 21 May 2016. The slide shows a poster from the All Right? I am... Identity project. The title of the poster is "Be brave, surprise yourself and inspire others". The conference was sponsored by All Right? and featured posters from the All Right? I am ... Identity project.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An image featuring a quote by Anna Wilson, Physical Health Advisor for Sport Canterbury. The image reads, "Five years on I feel... Upset about what we've lost and gone through but excited for what may come// Anna Wilson, Sport Canterbury." All Right uploaded the image as a Facebook cover photo on 23 February 2016 at 9:37am. The view the image, see All Right? Five Years On I Feel: Creative Material 4 (JPEG)

Audio, Radio New Zealand

Billy Kristian of The Invaders shares his memories of Ray Columbus who has died at the age of 74. Islay Marsden of the University of Canterbury discusses what clearing rocks and silt from quake-induced landslides will do to the coastal environment. Kevin Furlong of Penn State University discusses the connection between the earthquakes and various faultline systems.

Images, Canterbury Museum

One comprehensive emergency kit contained within a 68 litre heavy duty plastic storage case; includes four personal essentials packs, a survival first aid kit, an After Shake base pack and two 20 litre water storage canisters. Designed by the company After Shake to support a four person household following an emergency. This comprehensive emerg...

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Surface rupture and slip from the Mw 7.8 2016 Kaikōura Earthquake have been mapped in the region between the Leader and Charwell rivers using field mapping and LiDAR data. The eastern Humps, north Leader and Conway-Charwell faults ruptured the ground surface in the study area. The E-NE striking ‘The Humps’ Fault runs along the base of the Mt Stewart range front, appears to dip steeply NW and intersects the NNW-NNE Leader Fault which itself terminates northwards at the NE striking Conway-Charwell Fault. The eastern Humps Fault is up to the NW and accommodates oblique slip with reverse and right lateral displacement. Net slip on ‘The Humps’ Fault is ≤4 m and produced ≤4 m uplift of the Mt Stewart range during the earthquake. The Leader Fault strikes NNW-NNE with dips ranging from ~10° west to 80° east and accommodated ≤4 m net slip comprising left-lateral and up-to-the-west vertical displacement. Like the Humps west of the study area, surface-rupture of the Leader Fault occurred on multiple strands. The complexity of rupture on the Leader Fault is in part due to the occurrence of bedding-parallel slip within the Cretaceous-Cenozoic sequence. Although the Mt Stewart range front is bounded by ‘The Humps’ Fault, in the study area neither this fault nor the Leader Fault were known to have been active before the earthquake. Fieldwork and trenching investigations are ongoing to characterise the geometry, kinematics and paleoseismic history of the mapped active faults.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Farming and urban regions are impacted by earthquake disasters in different ways, and feature a range of often different recovery requirements. In New Zealand, and elsewhere, most earthquake impact and recovery research is urban focused. This creates a research deficit that can lead to the application of well-researched urban recovery strategies in rural areas to suboptimal effect. To begin to reduce this deficit, in-depth case studies of the earthquake impacts and recovery of three New Zealand farms severely impacted by the 14th November 2016, M7.8 Hurunui-Kaikōura earthquake were conducted. The initial earthquake, its aftershocks and coseismic hazards (e.g., landslides, liquefaction, surface rupture) affected much of North Canterbury, Marlborough and the Wellington area. The three case study farms were chosen to broadly represent the main types of farming and topography in the Hurunui District in North Canterbury. The farms were directly and indirectly impacted by earthquakes and related hazards. On-farm infrastructure (e.g., woolsheds, homesteads) and essential services (e.g., water, power), frequently sourced from distributed networks, were severely impacted. The earthquake occurred after two years of regional drought had already stressed farm systems and farmers to restructuring or breaking point. Cascading interlinked hazards stemming from the earthquakes and coseismic hazards continued to disrupt earthquake recovery over a year after the initial earthquake. Semi-structured interviews with the farmers were conducted nine and fourteen months after the initial earthquake to capture the timeline of on-going impacts and recovery. Analysis of both geological hazard data and interview data resulted in the identification of key factors influencing farm level earthquake impact and recovery. These include pre-existing conditions (e.g., drought); farm-specific variations in recovery timelines; and resilience strategies for farm recovery resources. The earthquake recovery process presented all three farms with opportunities to change their business plans and adapt to mitigate on-going and future risk.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Dr Lucy D'Aeth, Public Health Specialist for All Right?, taking part in #FiveYearsOn. Lucy holds a sign which reads, "Five years on, I feel... ...tired, but I still love Chch. Lucy Beckenham." All Right? posted the photograph on their Facebook Timeline on 21 February 2016 at 9:12am. All Right? captioned the photograph. "Lucy from Healthy Christchurch is feeling tired, but she still loves Chch!! #fiveyears on #5yearson #allrightnz".

Audio, Radio New Zealand

In half an hour, the first passenger train since the devastating Kaikoura earthquake will depart Picton for Christchurch. The 7.8 earthquake that struck the region in 2016 ripped up much of the scenic Coastal Pacific railway - sweeping kilometres of tracks out to sea and buried beneath slips. The rebuild of the railway line has taken two years and the efforts of nearly 1700 workers. Todd Moyle is KiwiRail's acting chief executive. He talks to Susie Ferguson.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a presentation slide with the title "Why...Pacific women; The heartbeat of the family" . The slide shows a poster from the All Right? I am... Identity project featuring Sandy Otufangavalu with her daughter Arihadnah. The photograph was taken at the second annual Out of the Heart Pacific Women's Leadership Conference, held at Riccarton Racecourse on 21 May 2016. The conference was sponsored by All Right? and featured posters from the All Right? I am ... Identity project.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of conference leaders and presenters at the second annual Out of the Heart Pacific Women's Leadership Conference, held at Riccarton Racecourse on 21 May 2016. People in the photograph include Terisa Tagicakibau (Community and Public Health; third from left), Losana Korovulavula (Healthy Families New Zealand; middle) and Diane Fenika (Ministry of Pacific Peoples; second from right). The conference was sponsored by All Right? and featured posters from the All Right? I am ... Identity project.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

"The nuclear meltdown at Fukushima ... the Fonterra botulism scare ... the Christchurch earthquakes – in all these recent crises the role played by scientists has been under the spotlight. What is the first duty of scientists in a crisis – to the government, to their employer, or to the wider public desperate for information? And what if these different objectives clash? In this penetrating BWB Text, leading scientist Shaun Hendy finds that in New Zealand, the public obligation of the scientist is often far from clear and that there have been many disturbing instances of scientists being silenced. Experts who have information the public seeks, he finds, have been prevented from speaking out. His own experiences have led him to conclude that New Zealanders have few scientific institutions that feel secure enough to criticise the government of the day." - Publisher information. http://librarysearch.auckland.ac.nz/UOA2_A:Combined_Local:uoa_alma21259423940002091

Research Papers, Lincoln University

Advocates for Compact City, Smart Growth and New Urbanism claim intensification of land use as a means to achieve sustainability imperatives, manage urbanisation and curb peripheral sprawl. It appears policy makers and planners have taken this perspective into consideration over the last two decades as intensification appears more prevalent in policy and planning. Literature points to residential infill as a method of providing for housing development within city limits. While residential infill is recognised in literature, little is known about what it consists of and the different stakeholders involved. This study will document different types of infill, identify various stakeholders associated with the different types and how their roles align and conflict.

Audio, Radio New Zealand

The New Zealand Shipping Federation says the government needs to take the resilience of ports seriously as the Kaikoura earthquake has shown the vulnerability of roading - and consider what their role is when auditing them. Annabel Young is the Executive Director of the NZ Shipping Federation. Canterbury University Professor of Geological Sciences Tim Davies, says improving and increasing the transport network through coastal shipping is essential.

Images, Canterbury Museum

One red and black fabric quilt comprised of pieced and appliquéd block work with both hand and machine stitching; machine quilted with embellishments and a one piece bordered back; an image of the ChristChurch Cathedral is in the centre and features pen work. Designed and quilted by the Coast Quilters of Whangaroa from fabric sent in by listener...

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

In 2016, the Building (Earthquake-prone Buildings) Amendment Act 2016 was introduced to address the issue of seismic vulnerability amongst existing buildings in Aotearoa New Zealand. This Act introduced a mandatory scheme to remediate buildings deemed particularly vulnerable to seismic hazard, as recommended by the 2012 Royal Commission into the Canterbury earthquake sequence of 2010–2011. This Earthquake-prone Building (EPB) framework is unusual internationally for the mandatory obligations that it introduces. This article explores and critiques the operation of the scheme in practice through an examination of its implementation provisions and the experiences of more recent seismic events (confirmed by engineering research). This analysis leads to the conclusion that the operation of the current scheme and particularly the application of the concept of EPB vulnerability excludes large numbers of (primarily urban) buildings which pose a significant risk in the event of a significant (but expected) seismic event. As a result, the EPB scheme fails to achieve its goals and instead may create a false impression that it does so

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

At 00:02 on 14th November 2016, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in and offshore of the northeast of the South Island of New Zealand. Fault rupture, ground shaking, liquefaction, and co-seismic landslides caused severe damage to distributed infrastructure, and particularly transportation networks; large segments of the country’s main highway, State Highway 1 (SH1), and the Main North Line (MNL) railway line, were damaged between Picton and Christchurch. The damage caused direct local impacts, including isolation of communities, and wider regional impacts, including disruption of supply chains. Adaptive measures have ensured immediate continued regional transport of goods and people. Air and sea transport increased quickly, both for emergency response and to ensure routine transport of goods. Road diversions have also allowed critical connections to remain operable. This effective response to regional transport challenges allowed Civil Defence Emergency Management to quickly prioritise access to isolated settlements, all of which had road access 23 days after the earthquake. However, 100 days after the earthquake, critical segments of SH1 and the MNL remain closed and their ongoing repairs are a serious national strategic, as well as local, concern. This paper presents the impacts on South Island transport infrastructure, and subsequent management through the emergency response and early recovery phases, during the first 100 days following the initial earthquake, and highlights lessons for transportation system resilience.