A large crack in the ground at Sullivan Park in Avonside which has resulted from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Remnants of liquefaction silt can be seen around the edges of the crack.
Two damaged driveways on Acland Avenue in Avonside. Dried liquefaction can be seen in the gap between the two driveways, and behind them the ground has sunk. Weeds have grown through cracks in the concrete.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Ground floor, IRD building. This book market is almost undisturbed while next door, the CTV building collapsed. Taken through the Cashel Street window".
Two damaged driveways on Acland Avenue in Avonside. Dried liquefaction can be seen in the gap between the two driveways, and behind them the ground has sunk. Weeds have grown through cracks in the concrete.
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Moira Fraser standing beside this pole to show the normal height for the marker with two round luminous spots which is at ground level in the previous photo".
The partially constructed Pallet Pavilion on the site of the demolished Crowne Plaza Hotel. Concrete slabs have been laid on the ground and a stack of painted pallets can be seen in the background.
A photograph of holes in the ground on Colombo Street, left by the foundations of a demolished building. A remaining wall of the building previously housing Sergio's Menswear is still standing on the left.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch begins the slow recovery process after last weeks devastating 7.1 earthquake. Broken ground caused by the earthquake in a residential area near Kaipoi".
A photograph of a hole in the ground on Colombo Street, left by the foundations of a demolished building. A remaining wall of the building previously housing Sergio's Menswear is still standing on the left.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "The Press. Aftermath of Christchurch earthquake as residents start to clean up. This power pole in Kingsford Street sunk a good metre or so into the ground".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Christchurch begins the slow recovery process after last weeks devastating 7.1 earthquake. Broken ground caused by the earthquake in a residential area near Kaipoi".
A photograph of the badly-damaged buildings on the corner of High Street and Tuam Street. The corner has been cordoned off with wire fences, and fallen bricks lie on the ground behind.
A photograph of an earthquake-damaged house on Montreal Street. Part of the front wall has crumbled, the bricks falling to the ground. Tape has been stretched along the driveway as a cordon.
A large crack in the ground at Sullivan Park in Avonside which has resulted from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Remnants of liquefaction silt can be seen around the edges of the crack.
A photograph of holes in the ground on Colombo Street, left by the foundations of a demolished building. A remaining wall of the building previously housing Sergio's Menswear is still standing on the left.
This thesis documents the development and demonstration of an assessment method for analysing earthquake-related damage to concrete waste water gravity pipes in Christchurch, New Zealand, following the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES). The method is intended to be internationally adaptable to assist territorial local authorities with improving lifelines infrastructure disaster impact assessment and improvements in resilience. This is achieved through the provision of high-resolution, localised damage data, which demonstrate earthquake impacts along the pipe length. The insights gained will assist decision making and the prioritisation of resources following earthquake events to quickly and efficiently restore network function and reduce community impacts. The method involved obtaining a selection of 55 reinforced concrete gravity waste water pipes with available Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) inspection footage filmed before and after the CES. The pipes were assessed by reviewing the recordings, and damage was mapped to the nearest metre along the pipe length using Geographic Information Systems. An established, systematic coding process was used for reporting the nature and severity of the observed damage, and to differentiate between pre-existing and new damage resulting from the CES. The damage items were overlaid with geospatial data such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived ground deformation data, Liquefaction Resistance Index data and seismic ground motion data (Peak Ground acceleration and Peak Ground Velocity) to identify potential relationships between these parameters and pipe performance. Initial assessment outcomes for the pipe selection revealed that main pipe joints and lateral connections were more vulnerable than the pipe body during a seismic event. Smaller diameter pipes may also be more vulnerable than larger pipes during a seismic event. Obvious differential ground movement resulted in increased local damage observations in many cases, however this was not obvious for all pipes. Pipes with older installation ages exhibited more overall damage prior to a seismic event, which is likely attributable to increased chemical and biological deterioration. However, no evidence was found relating pipe age to performance during a seismic event. No evidence was found linking levels of pre-CES damage in a pipe with subsequent seismic performance, and seismic performance with liquefaction resistance or magnitude of seismic ground motion. The results reported are of limited application due to the small demonstration sample size, but reveal the additional level of detail and insight possible using the method presented in this thesis over existing assessment methods, especially in relation to high resolution variations along the length of the pipe such as localised ground deformations evidenced by LiDAR. The results may be improved by studying a larger and more diverse sample pool, automating data collection and input processes in order to improve efficiency and consider additional input such as pipe dip and cumulative damage over a large distance. The method is dependent on comprehensive and accurate pre-event CCTV assessments and LIDAR data so that post-event data could be compared. It is proposed that local territorial authorities should prioritise acquiring this information as a first important step towards improving the seismic resilience of a gravity waste water pipe network.
This thesis documents the development and demonstration of an assessment method for analysing earthquake-related damage to concrete waste water gravity pipes in Christchurch, New Zealand, following the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence (CES). The method is intended to be internationally adaptable to assist territorial local authorities with improving lifelines infrastructure disaster impact assessment and improvements in resilience. This is achieved through the provision of high-resolution, localised damage data, which demonstrate earthquake impacts along the pipe length. The insights gained will assist decision making and the prioritisation of resources following earthquake events to quickly and efficiently restore network function and reduce community impacts. The method involved obtaining a selection of 55 reinforced concrete gravity waste water pipes with available Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) inspection footage filmed before and after the CES. The pipes were assessed by reviewing the recordings, and damage was mapped to the nearest metre along the pipe length using Geographic Information Systems. An established, systematic coding process was used for reporting the nature and severity of the observed damage, and to differentiate between pre-existing and new damage resulting from the CES. The damage items were overlaid with geospatial data such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)-derived ground deformation data, Liquefaction Resistance Index data and seismic ground motion data (Peak Ground acceleration and Peak Ground Velocity) to identify potential relationships between these parameters and pipe performance. Initial assessment outcomes for the pipe selection revealed that main pipe joints and lateral connections were more vulnerable than the pipe body during a seismic event. Smaller diameter pipes may also be more vulnerable than larger pipes during a seismic event. Obvious differential ground movement resulted in increased local damage observations in many cases, however this was not obvious for all pipes. Pipes with older installation ages exhibited more overall damage prior to a seismic event, which is likely attributable to increased chemical and biological deterioration. However, no evidence was found relating pipe age to performance during a seismic event. No evidence was found linking levels of pre-CES damage in a pipe with subsequent seismic performance, and seismic performance with liquefaction resistance or magnitude of seismic ground motion. The results reported are of limited application due to the small demonstration sample size, but reveal the additional level of detail and insight possible using the method presented in this thesis over existing assessment methods, especially in relation to high resolution variations along the length of the pipe such as localised ground deformations evidenced by LiDAR. The results may be improved by studying a larger and more diverse sample pool, automating data collection and input processes in order to improve efficiency and consider additional input such as pipe dip and cumulative damage over a large distance. The method is dependent on comprehensive and accurate pre-event CCTV assessments and LIDAR data so that post-event data could be compared. It is proposed that local territorial authorities should prioritise acquiring this information as a first important step towards improving the seismic resilience of a gravity waste water pipe network.
A dock by the riverbank walkway alongside New Brighton Road which has been closed off to the public. The area has flooded at high tide due to ground subsidence".
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "New reconstruction where it is planned to add a new ground floor to this basement in Lichfield Street and then build the building".
A photograph of one of The Friars lying on the ground in a Re:START mall car park. The Friars are large-scale puppets created for FESTA's Canterbury Tales event,
An article from the Media Studies Journal of Aotearoa New Zealand Volume 14, Number 1. The article is titled, "www.useless.com: crisis communications on shaky ground". It was written by Kris Vavasour.
An abandoned residential property at 35 Seabreeze Close in Bexley. Weeds are growing through the cracks in the ground and the yard has become overgrown. The number 35 has been spray-painted onto the entrance of the house.
Bare patches of ground at Sullivan Park in Avonside. The bare patches mark where liquefaction covered the grass after the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Damage to the footpath and road on Galbraith Avenue can also be seen.
A large crack in the ground at Sullivan Park in Avonside which has resulted from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Remnants of liquefaction silt can be seen around the edges of the crack.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "St John's Church on Hereford Street. The bell tower, partly collapsed during the September 4 earthquake, is now a pile of rubble on the ground".
A misaligned brick wall in front of a property with silt still piled up around it. During the earthquake, liquefaction drove silt to the surface where it erupted out of the ground like a volcano and formed a pile like the one seen here.
A precarious chimney on the roof of a house. Most of the bricks at the base of the chimney have broken away and fallen to the ground. The rest are still holding together. It will need to be deconstructed and removed.
A large crack in the ground at Sullivan Park in Avonside which has resulted from the 4 September 2010 earthquake. Remnants of liquefaction silt can be seen around the edges of the crack.
Part of the forecourt at the Shell Shirley petrol station has lifted above the rest, after the underground petrol tanks were pushed upwards by liquefaction. Liquefaction silt covers the lower part of the forecourt. The photographer comments, "Tanks at Shell Shirley floated out of the ground".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Damage to St. Mary's Anglican Church Timaru resulting from 7.1 Magnitude Earthquake centred near Darfield. Damaged spire-tops lie on the ground after being removed from the church tower".