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Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0114 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0115 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0147 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0119 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0148 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0141 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0150 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0132 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0135 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0123 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0146 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0127 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0128 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0117 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0116 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0120 From the collection of

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 15 showing the demolition of the Volcano Cafe, the Lava Bar, Lyttelton Fisheries and the coastal living design store following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-15-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0125 From the collection of

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

The research presented in this thesis investigated the environmental impacts of structural design decisions across the life of buildings located in seismic regions. In particular, the impacts of expected earthquake damage were incorporated into a traditional life cycle assessment (LCA) using a probabilistic method, and links between sustainable and resilient design were established for a range of case-study buildings designed for different seismic performance objectives. These links were quantified using a metric herein referred to as the seismic carbon risk, which represents the expected environmental impacts and resource use indicators associated with earthquake damage during buildings’ life. The research was broken into three distinct parts: (1) a city-level evaluation of the environmental impacts of demolitions following the 2010/2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand, (2) the development of a probabilistic framework to incorporate earthquake damage into LCA, and (3) using case-study buildings to establish links between sustainable and resilient design. The first phase of the research focused on the environmental impacts of demolitions in Christchurch, New Zealand following the 2010/2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence. This large case study was used to investigate the environmental impact of the demolition of concrete buildings considering the embodied carbon and waste stream distribution. The embodied carbon was considered here as kilograms of CO2 equivalent that occurs on production, construction, and waste management stage. The results clearly demonstrated the significant environmental impacts that can result from moderate and large earthquakes in urban areas, and the importance of including environmental considerations when making post-earthquake demolition decisions. The next phase of the work introduced a framework for incorporating the impacts of expected earthquake damage based on a probabilistic approach into traditional LCA to allow for a comparison of seismic design decisions using a carbon lens. Here, in addition to initial construction impacts, the seismic carbon risk was quantified, including the impacts of seismic repair activities and total loss scenarios assuming reconstruction in case of non-reparability. A process-based LCA was performed to obtain the environmental consequence functions associated with structural and non-structural repair activities for multiple environmental indicators. In the final phase of the work, multiple case-study buildings were used to investigate the seismic consequences of different structural design decisions for buildings in seismic regions. Here, two case-study buildings were designed to multiple performance objectives, and the upfront carbon costs, and well as the seismic carbon risk across the building life were compared. The buildings were evaluated using the framework established in phase 2, and the results demonstrated that the seismic carbon risk can significantly be reduced with only minimal changes to the upfront carbon for buildings designed for a higher base shear or with seismic protective systems. This provided valuable insight into the links between resilient and sustainable design decisions. Finally, the results and observations from the work across the three phases of research described above were used to inform a discussion on important assumptions and topics that need to be considered when quantifying the environmental impacts of earthquake damage on buildings. These include: selection of a non-repairable threshold (e.g. a value beyond which a building would be demolished rather than repaired), the time value of carbon (e.g. when in the building life the carbon is released), the changing carbon intensity of structural materials over time, and the consideration of deterministic vs. probabilistic results. Each of these topics was explored in some detail to provide a clear pathway for future work in this area.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

The seismic tremor that shook Christchurch on February 22, 2011, not only shattered buildings but also the spirit of the city’s residents. Amidst the ruins, this design-focused thesis unravels two intertwining narratives, each essential to the city’s resurrection. At its core, this thesis probes the preservation of Christchurch’s memory and character, meticulously chronicling the lost heritage architecture and the subsequent urban metamorphosis. Beyond bricks and mortar, it also confronts the silent aftershocks - the pervasive mental health challenges stemming from personal losses and the disfigured cityscape. As a native of Christchurch, intimately connected to its fabric, my lens reflects not just on the architectural reconstruction but also on the emotional reconstruction. My experience as an autistic individual, a recently discovered facet of my identity, infuses this design journey with a distinct prism through which I perceive and interact with the world. The colourful sketches that drive the design process aren’t mere illustrations but manifestations of my interpretation of spaces and concepts, evoking joy and vitality—a testament to embracing diversity in design. Drawing parallels between healing my own traumas with my colourful and joyful neurodivergent worldview, I’ve woven this concept into proposals aimed at healing the city through whimsy, joy, and vibrant colours. Personal experiences during and post-earthquakes profoundly shape my design proposals. Having navigated the labyrinth of my own mental health amid the altered cityscape, I seek avenues for reconciliation, both personal and communal. The vibrant sketches and designs presented in this thesis encapsulate this vision—a fusion of vivid, unconventional interpretations and a dedication to preserving the essence of the original cityscape while still encouraging movement into the future.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Buildings subject to earthquake shaking will tend to move not only horizontally but also rotate in plan. In-plan rotation is known as “building torsion” and it may occur for a variety of reasons, including stiffness and strength eccentricity and/or torsional effects from ground motions. Methods to consider torsion in structural design standards generally involve analysis of the structure in its elastic state. This is despite the fact that the structural elements can yield, thereby significantly altering the building response and the structural element demands. If demands become too large, the structure may collapse. While a number of studies have been conducted into the behavior of structures considering inelastic building torsion, there appears to be no consensus that one method is better than another and as a result, provisions within current design standards have not adopted recent proposals in the literature. However, the Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission recently made the recommendation that provisions to account for inelastic torsional response of buildings be introduced within New Zealand building standards. Consequently, this study examines how and to what extent the torsional response due to system eccentricity may affect the seismic performance of a building and considers what a simple design method should account for. It is concluded that new methods should be simple, be applicable to both the elastic and inelastic range of response, consider bidirectional excitation and include guidance for multi-story systems.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Reinforced concrete (RC) frame buildings designed according to modern design standards achieved life-safety objectives during the Canterbury earthquakes in 2010-11 and the Kaikōura earthquake in 2016. These buildings formed ductile plastic hinges as intended and partial or total building collapse was prevented. However, despite the fact that the damage level of these buildings was relatively low to moderate, over 60% of multi-storey RC buildings in the Christchurch central business district were demolished due to insufficient insurance coverage and significant uncertainty in the residual capacity and repairability of those buildings. This observation emphasized an imperative need to improve understanding in evaluating the post-earthquake performance of earthquake-damaged buildings and to develop relevant post-earthquake assessment guidelines. This thesis focuses on improving the understanding of the residual capacity and repairability of RC frame buildings. A large-scale five-storey RC moment-resisting frame building was tested to investigate the behaviour of earthquake-damaged and repaired buildings. The original test building was tested with four ground motions, including two repeated design-level ground motions. Subsequently, the test building was repaired using epoxy injection and mortar patching and re-tested with three ground motions. The test building was assessed using key concepts of the ATC-145 post-earthquake assessment guideline to validate its assessment procedures and highlight potential limitations. Numerical models were developed to simulate the peak storey drift demand and identify damage locations. Additionally, fatigue assessment of steel reinforcement was conducted using methodologies as per ATC-145. The residual capacity of earthquake-strained steel reinforcement was experimentally investigated in terms of the residual fatigue capacity and the residual ultimate strain capacity. In addition to studying the fatigue capacity of steel reinforcement, the fatigue damage demand was estimated using 972 ground motion records. The deformation limit of RC beams and columns for damage control was explored to achieve a low likelihood of requiring performance-critical repair. A frame component test database was developed, and the deformation capacity at the initiation of lateral strength loss was examined in terms of the chord rotation, plastic rotation and curvature ductility capacity. Furthermore, the proposed curvature ductility capacity was discussed with the current design curvature ductility limits as per NZS 3101:2006.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

This thesis revisits the topic of earthquake recovery in Christchurch City more than a decade after the Canterbury earthquakes. Despite promising visions of a community reconnected and a sustainable and liveable city, significant portions of the city’s core – the Red Zone – remain dilapidated and “eerily empty”. At the same time, new developments in other areas have proven to be alienated or underutilised. Currently, the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority’s plans for the rebuilding highlight the delivery of more residential housing to re-populate the city centre. However, prevalent approaches to housing development in Christchurch are ineffective for building an inclusive and active community. Hence, the central inquiry of the thesis is how the development of housing complexes can revitalise the Red Zone within the Christchurch city centre. The inquiry has been carried out through a research-through-design methodology, recognising the importance of an in-depth investigation that is contextualised and combined with the intuition and embodied knowledge of the designer. The investigation focuses on a neglected site in the Red Zone in the heart of Christchurch city, with significant Victorian and Edwardian Baroque heritage buildings, including Odeon Theatre, Lawrie & Wilson Auctioneers, and Sol Square, owned by The Regional Council Environment Canterbury. The design inquiry argues, develops, and is carried through a place-assemblage lens to housing development for city recovery, which recognizes the significance of socially responsive architecture that explores urban renewal by forging connections within the social network. Therefore, place-assemblage criteria and methods for developing socially active and meaningful housing developments are identified. Firstly, this thesis argues that co-living housing models are more focused on people relations and collective identity than the dominant developer-driven housing rebuilds, as they prioritise conduits for interaction and shared social meaning and practices. Secondly, the adaptive reuse of derelict heritage structures is proposed to reinvigorate the urban fabric, as heritage is seen to be conceived as and from a social assemblage of people. The design is realised by the principles outlined in the ICOMOS charter, which involves incorporating the material histories of existing structures and preserving the intangible heritage of the site by ensuring the continuity of cultural practices. Lastly, design processes and methods are also vital for place-sensitive results, which pay attention to the site’s unique characteristics to engage with local stakeholders and communities. The research explores place-assemblage methods of photographic extraction, the drawing of story maps, precedent studies, assemblage maps, bricolages, and paper models, which show an assembly of layers that piece together the existing heritage, social conduits, urban commons and housing to conceptualise the social network within its place.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Welcome to the Recover newsletter Issue 6 from the Marine Ecology Research Group (MERG) of the University of Canterbury. Recover is designed to keep you updated on our MBIE-funded earthquake recovery project called RECOVER (Reef Ecology, Coastal Values & Earthquake Recovery). This 6th instalment features the ‘new land’ created by the earthquake uplift of the coastline, recreational uses of beaches in Marlborough, and pāua survey work and hatchery projects with our partners in Kaikōura.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs) are a widely used seismic resisting structural steel system. Since their inception in the late 1970s, they have been a viable option with an available stiffness that is between simple braced systems and moment resisting systems. A similar concept, the linked column frame (LCF), uses shear links between two closely spaced columns. In both cases, the key component is the active link or the shear link, and this component is the objective of this study. The performance of high rise EBF buildings in the 2010 and 2011 Christchurch earthquakes was beyond that which was expected, especially considering the very high accelerations recorded. As the concrete high-rises were torn down, two EBF buildings remained standing and only required some structural repair. These events prompted a renewed interest in bolted shear links, as well as their performance. While some research into replaceable shear links had already been done (Mansour, 2011), the objectives of this study were to improve on the shear link itself, with the consideration that links built in the future are likely to be bolted. The main components of this study were to: 1. Reduce or eliminate the requirements for intermediate web stiffeners, as they were suspected of being detrimental to performance. Furthermore, any reduction in stiffening requirements is a direct fabrication cost saving. Links with low web aspect ratios were found to achieve exceptional ductilities when no stiffeners were included, prompting new design equations. 2. Ensure that the stresses in the ends of links are adequately transferred into the endplates without causing fractures. Although most of the experimental links had web doubler plates included, four had varied lengths of such doubler plates from 0.0 in. to 8.0 in. The link without any doubler plates performed to a similar level to its peers, and thus it is likely that links with quality end details may not need web doubler plates at all. 3. Evaluate the performance of a link with double sided stiffeners without the use of web welds, as opposed to conventional single sided, welded stiffeners. This link performed well, and web-weld-less double sided stiffeners may be an economical alternative to conventional stiffeners for deeper sections of links. 4. Evaluate the performance of a link with thin endplates that are made efficient with the use of gusset plates. This link performed to an acceptable level and provides evidence for a cost effective alternative to thick endplates, especially considering the high overstrength end moments in links, typically requiring 16-bolt connections. 5. Examine the potential use of an alternative EBF arrangement where the collector beam is over sized, and the link section is formed by cutting out parts of the beam's web. After running a series of finite element models each with a unique variation, a number of approximate design rules were derived such that future research could develop this idea further experimentally. 6. Ensure that during testing, the secondary elements (members that are not the shear link), do not yield and are not close to yielding. None of the instrumented elements experienced any unexpected yielding, however the concerns for high stresses in the collector beam panel zone during design were warranted. The use of an existing New Zealand design equation is recommended as an extra check for design codes worldwide. The above objectives were mainly conducted experimentally, except: the data set for item 1 was greatly expanded through the use of a calibrated numerical model which was then used in an extensive parametric study; item 5 was purely finite element based; and, a small parametric study was included for item 3 in an attempt to expand on the trends found there.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

Natural catastrophes are increasing worldwide. They are becoming more frequent but also more severe and impactful on our built environment leading to extensive damage and losses. Earthquake events account for the smallest part of natural events; nevertheless seismic damage led to the most fatalities and significant losses over the period 1981-2016 (Munich Re). Damage prediction is helpful for emergency management and the development of earthquake risk mitigation projects. Recent design efforts focused on the application of performance-based design engineering where damage estimation methodologies use fragility and vulnerability functions. However, the approach does not explicitly specify the essential criteria leading to economic losses. There is thus a need for an improved methodology that finds the critical building elements related to significant losses. The here presented methodology uses data science techniques to identify key building features that contribute to the bulk of losses. It uses empirical data collected on site during earthquake reconnaissance mission to train a machine learning model that can further be used for the estimation of building damage post-earthquake. The first model is developed for Christchurch. Empirical building damage data from the 2010-2011 earthquake events is analysed to find the building features that contributed the most to damage. Once processed, the data is used to train a machine-learning model that can be applied to estimate losses in future earthquake events.