Christopher Cole, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, collecting a chemical toilet from the Army. Christopher Cole's suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Hazel Hampton, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, filling out paperwork for a member of the New Zealand Army. Hazel Hampton is receiving a chemical toilet. Her suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Mr Coril, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, filling out paperwork for a member of the New Zealand Army. Mr Coril is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
PTE Taylor, a NZ ARMY Driver, with Section Commander 3 Transport CPL Marvin, closing off a unimog. The unimog was being used to deliver chemical toilets to residents in Christchurch who had been without running water for ten days.
Len Pettet, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Len Pettet is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Bob Sehumacher, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Bob Sehumacher is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Len Pettet, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Len Pettet is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Murray Lind, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Murray Lind is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
An image from a Army News March 2011 article titled, "Transport". The image shows a member of the New Zealand Army delivering a chemical toilet to the residents in an eastern suburb. The suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Bob Sehumacher, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Bob Sehumacher is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Bob Sehumacher, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Bob Sehumacher is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Hazel Hampton, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, filling out paperwork for a member of the New Zealand Army. Hazel Hampton is receiving a chemical toilet. Her suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Len Pettet, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Len Pettet is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Hazel Hampton, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, talking to a member of the New Zealand Army. Hazel Hampton is receiving a chemical toilet. Her suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "A tank for collecting waste from chemical toilets in Alice Street, Horseshoe Lake".
An image from a Army News March 2011 photo compilation titled, "All in a Days Work". The image is captioned, "Army Driver Section Commander 3 Transport CPL Andrew Eddington and Driver PTE Shay Heketa delivered chemical toilets to Eastern suburbs which were without water and power for over 10 days".
An image from a Army News March 2011 article titled, "Transport". The image shows Mr Coril, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, filing out paperwork for a member of the New Zealand Army. Mr Coril is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "A large septic tanks on the side of Gloucester Street which householders can use to empty their chemical toilets".
Photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Kingsford Street. Look at the number of Port-a-loos and the tanks for emptying chemical toilets in this street".
A digital photograph in PDF format with caption. A Horseshoe Lake resident emptying chemical toilet into waste tank that sits on the side of the road (Kingsford St).
A photograph captioned by BeckerFraserPhotos, "Decorated cones on the side of Kingsford Street in the Horseshoe Lake district. The cones are a cheerful contrast to the collecting tank for chemical toilets in the background".
The greater Wellington region, New Zealand, is highly vulnerable to large earthquakes. While attention has been paid to the consequences of earthquake damage to road, electricity and water supply networks, the consequences of wastewater network damage for public health, environmental health and habitability of homes remain largely unknown for Wellington City. The Canterbury and Kaikōura earthquakes have highlighted the vulnerability of sewerage systems to disruption during a disaster. Management of human waste is one of the critical components of disaster planning to reduce faecal-oral transmission of disease and exposure to disease-bearing vectors. In Canterbury and Kaikōura, emergency sanitation involved a combination of Port-a-loos, chemical toilets and backyard long-drops. While many lessons may be learned from experiences in Canterbury earthquakes, it is important to note that isolation is likely to be a much greater factor for Wellington households, compared to Christchurch, due to the potential for widespread landslides in hill suburbs affecting road access. This in turn implies that human waste may have to be managed onsite, as options such as chemical toilets and Port-a-loos rely completely on road access for delivering chemicals and collecting waste. While some progress has been made on options such as emergency composting toilets, significant knowledge gaps remain on how to safely manage waste onsite. In order to bridge these gaps, laboratory tests will be conducted through the second half of 2019 to assess the pathogen die-off rates in the composting toilet system with variables being the type of carbon bulking material and the addition of a Bokashi composting activator.
A photograph of a portaloo outside a residential property in Christchurch. After the 22 February 2011 earthquake, many houses had no running water and were forced to use chemical toilets or portaloos placed along the street. There is flooding and liquefaction on the street in the foreground. Liquefaction silt has been piled on the side of the road and a road cone placed in front.