Using case studies from the 2010-2011 Canterbury, New Zealand earthquake sequence, this study assesses the accuracies of paleoliquefaction back-analysis methods and explores the challenges, techniques, and uncertainties associated with their application. While liquefaction-based back-analyses have been widely used to estimate the magnitudes of paleoearthquakes, their uncertain efficacies continue to significantly affect the computed seismic hazard in regions where they are relied upon. Accordingly, their performance is evaluated herein using liquefaction data from modern earthquakes with known magnitudes. It is shown that when the earthquake source location and mechanism are known, back-analysis methods are capable of accurately deriving seismic parameters from liquefaction evidence. However, because the source location and mechanism are often unknown in paleoseismic studies, and because accurate interpretation is shown to be more difficult in such cases, new analysis techniques are proposed herein. An objective parameter is proposed to geospatially assess the likelihood of any provisional source location, enabling an analyst to more accurately estimate the magnitude of a liquefaction-inducing paleoearthquake. This study demonstrates the application of back-analysis methods, provides insight into their potential accuracies, and provides a framework for performing paleoliquefaction analyses worldwide.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "St. Mary's Anglican Church in Timaru is cordoned off due to the risk of falling masonry after the 7.1 magnitude earthquake centered near Darfield".
A view after the 6.3 magnitude earthquake in Christchurch 22 February 2011. Corner of Barbadoes and Kilmore Streets. So sad to see history die - both buildings and business.
Telegraph Road was a straight road before the recent 7.1 magnitude earthquake. The fault ran right through here and now the road has a dramatic kink in it.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "A massive 7.4 magnitude earthquake has hit Christchurch and the wider South Island, causing widespread damage, two serious injuries and power cuts to most of the city".
The Prime Minister prepares for the Christchurch Call Summit in Paris saying governments need to protect their citizens from radicalisation, Police investigate who sent a threatening letter to the Earthquake Commission, A powerful 7.5 magnitude quake strikes PNG overnight.
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Damage to St. Mary's Anglican Church Timaru resulting from 7.1 Magnitude Earthquake centred near Darfield. The church tower is seen with the damaged spire tops removed".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "The pinnacle of the steeple of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Temuka was displaced by the 7.1 magnitude earthquake that struck the Canterbury region the previous day".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "The pinnacle of the steeple of St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Temuka was displaced by the 7.1 magnitude earthquake that struck the Canterbury region the previous day".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Damage to St. Mary's Anglican Church Timaru resulting from 7.1 Magnitude Earthquake centred near Darfield. Vicar Indrea Alexander looks up at the damaged church tower spires".
Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Prime Minister John Key visited Christchurch after its 7.1 magnitude earthquake at 0435 Saturday morning. Civil Defence have set up base at Christchurch Art Gallery".
Nearly a year on from November's 7.8 magnitude earthquake, schools in the Hurunui District say children are struggling to cope. And if the experience of Christchurch is anything to go by, it's likely to get worse before it gets better.
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110173 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110202 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110176 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011.CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110182 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110177 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken at the Lyttelton Community briefing held on March 7 2011 following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake on 22 February 2011. File Ref: CCL-2011-03-07-Lyttelton-Community-Briefing-P1110625 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110179 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110211 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110203 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken at the Lyttelton Community briefing held on March 7 2011 following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake on 22 February 2011. File Ref: CCL-2011-03-07-Lyttelton-Community-Briefing-P1110622 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110172 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110178 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110209 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken at the Lyttelton Community briefing held on March 7 2011 following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake on 22 February 2011. File Ref: CCL-2011-03-07-Lyttelton-Community-Briefing-P1110619 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011.CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110175 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011. CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110174 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...
Photos taken following the magnitude 6.3 earthquake in Christchurch on 22 February 2011.CCL-2011-02-22-Earthquake-P1110180 We all have earthquake stories to tell — and we’d like to hear yours. Please submit your story on our website, and let us ...