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Research Papers, Lincoln University

Tree mortality is a fundamental process governing forest dynamics, but understanding tree mortality patterns is challenging because large, long-term datasets are required. Describing size-specific mortality patterns can be especially difficult, due to few trees in larger size classes. We used permanent plot data from Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides (mountain beech) forest on the eastern slopes of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, where the fates of trees on 250 plots of 0.04 ha were followed, to examine: (1) patterns of size-specific mortality over three consecutive periods spanning 30 years, each characterised by different disturbance, and (2) the strength and direction of neighbourhood crowding effects on sizespecific mortality rates. We found that the size-specific mortality function was U-shaped over the 30-year period as well as within two shorter periods characterised by small-scale pinhole beetle and windthrow disturbance. During a third period, characterised by earthquake disturbance, tree mortality was less size dependent. Small trees (,20 cm in diameter) were more likely to die, in all three periods, if surrounded by a high basal area of larger neighbours, suggesting that sizeasymmetric competition for light was a major cause of mortality. In contrast, large trees ($20 cm in diameter) were more likely to die in the first period if they had few neighbours, indicating that positive crowding effects were sometimes important for survival of large trees. Overall our results suggest that temporal variability in size-specific mortality patterns, and positive interactions between large trees, may sometimes need to be incorporated into models of forest dynamics.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view of part of the former Canterbury Public Library complex after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. On the left the 1870s section is visible. It has been red-stickered and the ground around it has been spray painted with the words, "Danger, wall". The building on the right is the former Librarian's House, which was built in 1894. It has been enclosed in a safety fence, and a section of masonry from its gable has collapsed. Containers have been stacked between the buildings to reinforce their walls.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view down Sumner Road in Lyttelton with the former Lyttelton Public Library building to the left and the former Lyttelton Fire Station building to the right. Masonry has collapsed from both buildings and wire fencing has been placed around their bases as cordons.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across Oxford Street in Lyttelton to the former Lyttelton Public Library, cordoned off with wire fencing. Masonry from the top of the building has collapsed onto the footpath. The former Lyttelton Fire Station building can be seen to the right.

Images, Canterbury Museum

One blue softcover children’s book titled 'The Butterfly and the Earthquake' with text by Carol McKeever and colour illustrations by Ned Barraud. Carol McKeever wrote this children’s book after the 22 February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch to help children cope with the traumatic experience of an earthquake. ‘The Butterfly and the Earthquake’...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One black hardcover book with a multi-coloured dust jacket depicting men in uniform amongst rubble entitled 'Christchurch 22.2: Beyond the Cordon' containing colour photographs by the New Zealand Police following the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The severe damage to Christchurch’s central city caused by the 22 February 2011 earthquake is unique...

Images, Canterbury Museum

One blue soft cover children’s book titled 'Quaky Cat' with text by Diana Noonan and colour illustrations by Gavin Bishop. The earthquakes and accompanying aftershocks in Canterbury proved to be a very frightening experience, especially for children. This book was written in response to the 4 September 2010 earthquake to help children understan...

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-05-24--Loons-LYP1120500 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 19 showing the demolition of buildings on London Street, Lyttelton, following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-19-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0195 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 19 showing the demolition of buildings on London Street, Lyttelton, following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-19-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0180 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton on April 19 showing the demolition of buildings on London Street, Lyttelton, following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-19-London-Street-Demolition-IMG_0164 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton showing the demolition of various buildings following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-05-20-Lyttelton-Demolition-P1120471 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Photos taken in Lyttelton showing the demolition of various buildings following the February 22 earthquake. File reference: CCL-2011-04-29-Lyttelton-Demolition-P1120217 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.