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Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the Westende Jewellers building. The upper storey facade has collapsed, and rubble covers the road. The area has been cordoned off with road cones and police tape, and fire service personnel are inspecting the damage from the basket of a fire engine's ladder.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a room in the Diabetes Centre. The furniture in the centre of the room has been covered with a tarpaulin. In the background, the panelling has been removed from one of the walls, exposing the wooden frame, wires, and pipes underneath.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Part of the forecourt at the Shell Shirley petrol station has lifted above the rest, after the underground petrol tanks were pushed upwards by liquefaction. Liquefaction silt covers the lower part of the forecourt. The photographer comments, "Tanks at Shell Shirley floated out of the ground".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to Medway Street in Richmond. The road surface is cracked and buckled, and covered in liquefaction silt. A temporary road sign restricting speed to 30 is visible, with road cones behind. The photographer comments, "Medway St, Woodchester Ave on right just beyond the 30 sign".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a bow made out of curtains pinned to Siobhan Murphy's house at 436 Oxford Terrace. In the background, the house has been covered in plastic sheeting. The photographer comments, "The bow is a memorial to Murphy's living room and her life in the house".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Nathan Worner with his son James (age 2) outside his earthquake-damaged house. Mr. Worner has become frustrated trying to get EQC to recognise the damage to one the chimneys (covered with blue tarp.) caused by the September 4th Canterbury Earthquake".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Nathan Worner with his son James (age 2) outside his earthquake-damaged house. Mr. Worner has become frustrated trying to get EQC to recognise the damage to one the chimneys (covered with blue tarp.) caused by the September 4th Canterbury Earthquake".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Nathan Worner with his son James (age 2) outside his earthquake-damaged house. Mr. Worner has become frustrated trying to get EQC to recognise the damage to one the chimneys (covered with blue tarp.) caused by the September 4th Canterbury Earthquake".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A building on Lichfield Street with damage to the top storey facade and roof. Covers have been strapped to the roof and windows have been boarded up to prevent weather damage to the inside of building. Fencing has been placed around the exterior of the building.

Research papers, University of Canterbury Library

As a global phenomenon, many cities are undergoing urban renewal to accommodate rapid growth in urban population. However, urban renewal can struggle to balance social, economic, and environmental outcomes, whereby economic outcomes are often primarily considered by developers. This has important implications for urban forests, which have previously been shown to be negatively affected by development activities. Urban forests serve the purpose of providing ecosystem services and thus are beneficial to human wellbeing. Better understanding the effect of urban renewal on city trees may help improve urban forest outcomes via effective management and policy strategies, thereby maximising ecosystem service provision and human wellbeing. Though the relationship between certain aspects of development and urban forests has received consideration in previous literature, little research has focused on how the complete property redevelopment cycle affects urban forest dynamics over time. This research provides an opportunity to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effect of residential property redevelopment on urban forest dynamics, at a range of spatial scales, in Christchurch, New Zealand following a series of major earthquakes which occurred in 2010 – 2011. One consequence of the earthquakes is the redevelopment of thousands of properties over a relatively short time-frame. The research quantifies changes in canopy cover city-wide, as well as, tree removal, retention, and planting on individual residential properties. Moreover, the research identifies the underlying reasons for these dynamics, by exploring the roles of socio-economic and demographic factors, the spatial relationships between trees and other infrastructure, and finally, the attitudes of residential property owners. To quantify the effect of property redevelopment on canopy cover change in Christchurch, this research delineated tree canopy cover city-wide in 2011 and again in 2015. An object-based image analysis (OBIA) technique was applied to aerial imagery and LiDAR data acquired at both time steps, in order to estimate city-wide canopy cover for 2011 and 2015. Changes in tree canopy cover between 2011 and 2015 were then spatially quantified. Tree canopy cover change was also calculated for all meshblocks (a relatively fine-scale geographic boundary) in Christchurch. The results show a relatively small magnitude of tree canopy cover loss, city-wide, from 10.8% to 10.3% between 2011 and 2015, but a statistically significant change in mean tree canopy cover across all the meshblocks. Tree canopy cover losses were more likely to occur in meshblocks containing properties that underwent a complete redevelopment cycle, but the loss was insensitive to the density of redevelopment within meshblocks. To explore property-scale individual tree dynamics, a mixed-methods approach was used, combining questionnaire data and remote sensing analysis. A mail-based questionnaire was delivered to residential properties to collect resident and household data; 450 residential properties (321 redeveloped, 129 non- redeveloped) returned valid questionnaires and were identified as analysis subjects. Subsequently, 2,422 tree removals and 4,544 tree retentions were identified within the 450 properties; this was done by manually delineating individual tree crowns, based on aerial imagery and LiDAR data, and visually comparing the presence or absence of these trees between 2011 and 2015. The tree removal rate on redeveloped properties (44.0%) was over three times greater than on non-redeveloped properties (13.5%) and the average canopy cover loss on redeveloped properties (52.2%) was significantly greater than on non-redeveloped properties (18.8%). A classification tree (CT) analysis was used to model individual tree dynamics (i.e. tree removal, tree retention) and candidate explanatory variables (i.e. resident and household, economic, land cover, and spatial variables). The results indicate that the model including land cover, spatial, and economic variables had the best predicting ability for individual tree dynamics (accuracy = 73.4%). Relatively small trees were more likely to be removed, while trees with large crowns were more likely to be retained. Trees were most likely to be removed from redeveloped properties with capital values lower than NZ$1,060,000 if they were within 1.4 m of the boundary of a redeveloped building. Conversely, trees were most likely to be retained if they were on a property that was not redeveloped. The analysis suggested that the resident and household factors included as potential explanatory variables did not influence tree removal or retention. To conduct a further exploration of the relationship between resident attitudes and actions towards trees on redeveloped versus non-redeveloped properties, this research also asked the landowners from the 450 properties that returned mail questionnaires to indicate their attitudes towards tree management (i.e. tree removal, tree retention, and tree planting) on their properties. The results show that residents from redeveloped properties were more likely to remove and/or plant trees, while residents from non- redeveloped properties were more likely to retain existing trees. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to explore resident attitudes towards tree management. The results of the PCA show that residents identified ecosystem disservices (e.g. leaf litter, root damage to infrastructure) as common reasons for tree removal; however, they also noted ecosystem services as important reasons for both tree planting and tree retention on their properties. Moreover, the reasons for tree removal and tree planting varied based on whether residents’ property had been redeveloped. Most tree removal occurred on redeveloped properties because trees were in conflict with redevelopment, but occurred on non- redeveloped properties because of perceived poor tree health. Residents from redeveloped properties were more likely to plant trees due to being aesthetically pleasing or to replace trees removed during redevelopment. Overall, this research adds to, and complements, the existing literature on the effects of residential property redevelopment on urban forest dynamics. The findings of this research provide empirical support for developing specific legislation or policies about urban forest management during residential property redevelopment. The results also imply that urban foresters should enhance public education on the ecosystem services provided by urban forests and thus minimise the potential for tree removal when undertaking property redevelopment.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to Poplar Street taken from Tuam Street shortly after the 22 February 2011 earthquake. The road is completely covered by loose bricks and a car has been crushed. To the left, the corner of a building has collapsed, rubble falling into the street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Photograph captioned by Fairfax, "Leopard Buses have bought some old ex-Auckland buses to cover a shortfall caused by the earthquake. New buses from ordered from Designline are delayed after the Rolleston-based firm's production was interrupted. John Belcher of Riccarton Signs works on covering up the old colours".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Liquefaction silt covers the ground in front of the Shirley Medical Centre, and more silt is piled beside the entrance. The photographer comments, "These photos show our old house in River Rd and recovery work around Richmond and St Albans. The local medical centre is seriously silted up".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Liquefaction silt covers the ground in front of the Shirley Medical Centre, and more silt is piled beside the entrance. The photographer comments, "These photos show our old house in River Rd and recovery work around Richmond and St Albans. The local medical centre is seriously silted up".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An abandoned residential property at 4 Waireka Lane in Bexley. The driveway is covered with weeds and silt from liquefaction. One of the garage doors is twisted and the other has 'HM' spray-painted on it. The number four has been spray-painted on the brick wall under the window.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An abandoned residential property at 28 Waygreen Avenue in New Brighton. The front of the section is covered with weeds and silt from liquefaction. Three broken chairs lie outside the front of the house. The front door is open. 'HM' has been spray-painted in green onto the front wall.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a floating installation on the Avon River. The installation consists of four chairs and a table situated on a grass-covered platform. It was created by students from Lincoln University's School of Landscape Architecture for Canterbury Tales, a carnivalesque procession and the main event of FESTA 2013.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of three petrol pumps at a BP station. One of the pumps has been covered by a piece of paper with a sticker reading, "out". Underneath the sticker, the paper reads, "Available - diesel only. Due to high demand (following the Canterbury Earthquake) we are currently out of petrol".

Images, Canterbury Museum

Multicolour softcover book titled "All Fall Down, Christchurch’s Lost Chimneys" by Geoffrey Rice with a title and a full colour photograph depicting a broken chimney on the spine and front cover; published by the Canterbury University Press, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 2011. Geoffrey Rice, retired Professor of History from the Unive...

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

one of Christchurch's abandoned suburbs. The land moved - bricks and block walls everywhere collapsed - two multi story buildings folded - 184 people died. Wooden framed houses largely stayed up, many concrete slabs cracked, power poles leaned in liquid ground, surface bubbled, services ruptured .... damage to the cbd still gets the most cover...

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph contributed by Jennifer, a participant in the Understanding Place research project. The photograph has the description "The ground is covered in little mushrooms when you start looking, but it's hard to tell which are edible". Please note that Jennifer's Red Zone Story was a test-pilot for the Understanding Place project.

Audio, Radio New Zealand

One of the defining images of the Christchurch earthquake has been the photo of an ash covered Shane Tomlin, pulled alive from a bakery in Cashel Mall. His mother Doreen Tomlin, says she only realised her son had been rescued when she saw his photo on the front page of The Press.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to Medway Street in Richmond. The road surface is cracked and buckled, and covered in liquefaction silt. A temporary road sign restricting speed to 30 is visible, with road cones behind. The photographer comments, "Medway St, between Woodchester Ave and River Rd. Woodchester Ave on right just beyond the 30 sign".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a desk and turn table taken during the Residential Access Project. The project gave residents temporary access within the red-zone cordon in order to retrieve items from their homes. The desk and turn table are covered in dust and rubble, and the outer wall is crumbled behind them.