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Research Papers, Lincoln University

We examined the stratigraphy of alluvial fans formed at the steep range front of the Southern Alps at Te Taho, on the north bank of the Whataroa River in central West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. The range front coincides with the Alpine Fault, an Australian-Pacific plate boundary fault, which produces regular earthquakes. Our study of range front fans revealed aggradation at 100- to 300-year intervals. Radiocarbon ages and soil residence times (SRTs) estimated by a quantitative profile development index allowed us to elucidate the characteristics of four episodes of aggradation since 1000 CE. We postulate a repeating mode of fan behaviour (fan response cycle [FRC]) linked to earthquake cycles via earthquake-triggered landslides. FRCs are characterised by short response time (aggradation followed by incision) and a long phase when channels are entrenched and fan surfaces are stable (persistence time). Currently, the Te Taho and Whataroa River fans are in the latter phase. The four episodes of fan building we determined from an OxCal sequence model correlate to Alpine Fault earthquakes (or other subsidiary events) and support prior landscape evolution studies indicating ≥M7.5 earthquakes as the main driver of episodic sedimentation. Our findings are consistent with other historic non-earthquake events on the West Coast but indicate faster responses than other earthquake sites in New Zealand and elsewhere where rainfall and stream gradients (the basis for stream power) are lower. Judging from the thickness of fan deposits and the short response times, we conclude that pastoral farming (current land-use) on the fans and probably across much of the Whataroa River fan would be impossible for several decades after a major earthquake. The sustainability of regional tourism and agriculture is at risk, more so because of the vulnerability of the single through road in the region (State Highway 6).

Research Papers, Lincoln University

The magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck North Canterbury, on the east coast of New Zealand’s South Island on 14 November 2016 had significant impacts and implications for the community of Kaikōura and surrounding settlements. The magnitude and scope of this event has resulted in extensive and ongoing geological and geophysical research into the event. The current paper complements this research by providing a review of existing social science research and offering new analysis of the impact of the earthquake and its aftermath on community resilience in Kaikōura over the past five years. Results demonstrate the significant economic implications for tourism, and primary industries. Recovery has been slow, and largely dependent on restoring transportation networks, which helped catalyse cooperation among local hospitality providers. Challenges remain, however, and not all sectors or households have benefited equally from post-quake opportunities, and long-term recovery trajectories continue to be hampered by COVID-19 pandemic. The multiple ongoing and future stressors faced by Kaikōura require integrated and equitable approaches in order to build capability and capacity for locally based development pathways to ensure long-term community resilience.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video of a dug-out soil pit on a farm near River Road in Lincoln. There is a thick layer of saturated sand between the topsoil and the subsoil where the grass roots end. The saturated soil is collapsing as a result of contractor Tony Fisher, of Fisher Agriculture Ltd, having jumped lightly up and down on the edge of the pit.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

A video of contractor Tony Fisher, of Fisher Agricultural Ltd, jumping lightly up and down on the edge of a dug-out soil pit on a farm near River Road in Lincoln. There is a thick layer of saturated sand between the topsoil and the subsoil where the grass roots end. The saturated soil starts to collapse as a result of the movement.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Telegraph Road was a straight road before the recent 7.1 magnitude earthquake. The fault ran right through here and now the road has a dramatic kink in it.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the University of Canterbury's E-Learning team admire the view from their temporary office in the James Hight building. The photographer comments, "First looks at our new temporary (maybe) office space. Our group will stay here until April or May 2011, then will move to another floor in the Central Library. South window of our office. Our view looks out to the Port Hills and around to the south west, towards Halswell and Lincoln".

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph looking north down Gayhurst Road, taken from the side of the bridge over the Avon River. Residential properties used to line the left-hand side of the road, and St Paul's church once stood on the corner. This was before the land was red-zoned as a result of the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Separated cycle ways have recently been installed on both sides of the road. The photograph was modelled off an image taken by Mark Lincoln in September 2010.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph looking north down Gayhurst Road, taken from the side of the bridge over the Avon River. Residential properties used to line the left-hand side of the road, and St Paul's church once stood on the corner. This was before the land was red-zoned as a result of the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Separated cycle ways have recently been installed on both sides of the road. The photograph was modelled off an image taken by Mark Lincoln in September 2010.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph looking north down Gayhurst Road, taken from the side of the bridge over the Avon River. Residential properties used to line the left-hand side of the road, and St Paul's church once stood on the corner. This was before the land was red-zoned as a result of the 2010 and 2011 Canterbury earthquakes. Separated cycle ways have recently been installed on both sides of the road. The photograph was modelled off an image taken by Mark Lincoln in September 2010.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Predictive modelling provides an efficient means to analyse the coastal environment and generate knowledge for long term urban planning. In this study, the numerical models SWAN and XBeach were incorporated into the ESRI ArcGIS interface by means of the BeachMMtool. This was applied to the Greater Christchurch coastal environment to simulate geomorphological evolution through hydrodynamic forcing. Simulations were performed using the recent sea level rise predictions by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) to determine whether the statutory requirements outlined in the New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010 are consistent with central, regional and district designations. Our results indicate that current land use zoning in Greater Christchurch is not consistent with these predictions. This is because coastal hazard risk has not been thoroughly quantified during the process of installing the Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority residential red zone. However, the Christchurch City Council’s flood management area does provide an extent to which managed coastal retreat is a real option. The results of this research suggest that progradation will continue to occur along the Christchurch foreshore due to the net sediment flux retaining an onshore direction and the current hydrodynamic activity not being strong enough to move sediment offshore. However, inundation during periods of storm surge poses a risk to human habitation on low lying areas around the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and the Brooklands lagoon.