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Research Papers, Lincoln University

Indigenous Peoples retain traditional coping strategies for disasters despite the marginalisation of many Indigenous communities. This article describes the response of Māori to the Christchurch earthquakes of 2010 and 2012 through analyses of available statistical data and reports, and interviews done three months and one year after the most damaging event. A significant difference between Māori and ‘mainstream’ New Zealand was the greater mobility enacted by Māori throughout this period, with organisations having roles beyond their traditional catchments throughout the disaster, including important support for non-Māori. Informed engagement with Indigenous communities, acknowledging their internal diversity and culturally nuanced support networks, would enable more efficient disaster responses in many countries.

Research papers, Victoria University of Wellington

The Canterbury earthquake sequence (2010-2011) was the most devastating catastrophe in New Zealand‘s modern history. Fortunately, in 2011 New Zealand had a high insurance penetration ratio, with more than 95% of residences being insured for these earthquakes. This dissertation sheds light on the functions of disaster insurance schemes and their role in economic recovery post-earthquakes.  The first chapter describes the demand and supply for earthquake insurance and provides insights about different public-private partnership earthquake insurance schemes around the world.  In the second chapter, we concentrate on three public earthquake insurance schemes in California, Japan, and New Zealand. The chapter examines what would have been the outcome had the system of insurance in Christchurch been different in the aftermath of the Canterbury earthquake sequence (CES). We focus on the California Earthquake Authority insurance program, and the Japanese Earthquake Reinsurance scheme. Overall, the aggregate cost of the earthquake to the New Zealand public insurer (the Earthquake Commission) was USD 6.2 billion. If a similar-sized disaster event had occurred in Japan and California, homeowners would have received only around USD 1.6 billion and USD 0.7 billion from the Japanese and Californian schemes, respectively. We further describe the spatial and distributive aspects of these scenarios and discuss some of the policy questions that emerge from this comparison.  The third chapter measures the longer-term effect of the CES on the local economy, using night-time light intensity measured from space, and focus on the role of insurance payments for damaged residential property during the local recovery process. Uniquely for this event, more than 95% of residential housing units were covered by insurance and almost all incurred some damage. However, insurance payments were staggered over 5 years, enabling us to identify their local impact. We find that night-time luminosity can capture the process of recovery; and that insurance payments contributed significantly to the process of local economic recovery after the earthquake. Yet, delayed payments were less affective in assisting recovery and cash settlement of claims were more effective than insurance-managed repairs.  After the Christchurch earthquakes, the government declared about 8000 houses as Red Zoned, prohibiting further developments in these properties, and offering the owners to buy them out. The government provided two options for owners: the first was full payment for both land and dwelling at the 2007 property evaluation, the second was payment for land, and the rest to be paid by the owner‘s insurance. Most people chose the second option. Using data from LINZ combined with data from Stats NZ, the fourth chapter empirically investigates what led people to choose this second option, and how peer effect influenced the homeowners‘ choices.  Due to climate change, public disclosure of coastal hazard information through maps and property reports have been used more frequently by local government. This is expected to raise awareness about disaster risks in local community and help potential property owners to make informed locational decision. However, media outlets and business sector argue that public hazard disclosure will cause a negative effect on property value. Despite this opposition, some district councils in New Zealand have attempted to implement improved disclosure. Kapiti Coast district in the Wellington region serves as a case study for this research. In the fifth chapter, we utilize the residential property sale data and coastal hazard maps from the local district council. This study employs a difference-in-difference hedonic property price approach to examine the effect of hazard disclosure on coastal property values. We also apply spatial hedonic regression methods, controlling for coastal amenities, as our robustness check. Our findings suggest that hazard designation has a statistically and economically insignificant impact on property values. Overall, the risk perception about coastal hazards should be more emphasized in communities.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9204 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07--IMG_9194 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-MG_9201 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9203 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07IMG_9207 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07IMG_9202 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9198 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07IMG_9197 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9211 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9208 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9196 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9215 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9195 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.

Images, eqnz.chch.2010

Demolition work on Brannigans building, Gloucester Street. File reference: CCL-2012-02-07-IMG_9200 From the collection of Christchurch City Libraries.