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Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Netta Egoz stirring a bathtub of milk before Gaby Montejo's Milk Fight event. This dairy-fuelled urban food fight was part of FESTA 2014, and was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Milk Fight participants Hera Hjartardottir, Audrey Baldwin and Brie Sherow, before the start of the event. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight by local artist Gaby Montejo. The event was part of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of local artist Gaby Montejo in a cow onesie. Montejo is drinking from a large tank of milk before his Milk Fight event. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of local artist Gaby Montejo in a cow onesie. Montejo is drinking from a large tank of milk before his Milk Fight event. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of local artist Gaby Montejo in a cow onesie. Montejo is bending over a large tank of milk before his Milk Fight event. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of participants armed with waterguns before the start of Gaby Montejo's Milk Fight - a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014. Milk Fight was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Though generally considered “natural” disasters, cyclones and earthquakes are increasingly being associated with human activities, incubated through urban settlement patterns and the long-term redistribution of natural resources. As society is becoming more urbanized, the risk of human exposure to disasters is also rising. Architecture often reflects the state of society’s health: architectural damage is the first visible sign of emergency, and reconstruction is the final response in the process of recovery. An empirical assessment of architectural projects in post-disaster situations can lead to a deeper understanding of urban societies as they try to rebuild. This thesis offers an alternative perspective on urban disasters by looking at the actions and attitudes of disaster professionals through the lens of architecture, situated in recent events: the 2010 Christchurch earthquake, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the 2005 Hurricane Katrina. An empirical, multi-hazard, cross-sectional case study methodology was used, employing grounded theory method to build theory, and a critical constructivist strategy to inform the analysis. By taking an interdisciplinary approach to understanding disasters, this thesis positions architecture as a conduit between two divergent approaches to disaster research: the hazards approach, which studies the disaster cycles from a scientific perspective; and the sociological approach, which studies the socially constructed vulnerabilities that result from disasters, and the elements of social change that accompany such events. Few studies to date have attempted to integrate the multi-disciplinary perspectives that can advance our understanding of societal problems in urban disasters. To bridge this gap, this thesis develops what will be referred to as the “Rittelian framework”—based on the work of UC Berkeley’s architecture professor Horst Rittel (1930-1990). The Rittelian framework uses the language of design to transcend the multiple fields of human endeavor to address the “design problems” in disaster research. The processes by which societal problems are addressed following an urban disaster involve input by professionals from multiple fields—including economics, sociology, medicine, and engineering—but the contribution from architecture has been minimal to date. The main impetus for my doctoral thesis has been the assertion that most of the decisions related to reconstruction are made in the early emergency recovery stages where architects are not involved, but architects’ early contribution is vital to the long-term reconstruction of cities. This precipitated in the critical question: “How does the Rittelian framework contribute to the critical design decisions in modern urban disasters?” Comparative research was undertaken in three case studies of recent disasters in New Orleans (2005), Haiti (2010) and Christchurch (2010), by interviewing 51 individuals who were selected on the basis of employing the Rittelian framework in their humanitarian practice. Contextualizing natural disaster research within the robust methodological framework of architecture and the analytical processes of sociology is the basis for evaluating the research proposition that architectural problem solving is of value in addressing the ‘Wicked Problems’ of disasters. This thesis has found that (1) the nuances of the way disaster agents interpret the notion of “building back better” can influence the extent to which architectural professionals contribute in urban disaster recovery, (2) architectural design can be used to facilitate but also impede critical design decisions, and (3) framing disaster research in terms of design decisions can lead to innovation where least expected. This empirical research demonstrates how the Rittelian framework can inform a wider discussion about post-disaster human settlements, and improve our resilience through disaster research.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a trailer, customised with milk 'teats' for Gaby Montejo's Milk Fight. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014. It was held at the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Nick Sargent collecting details from participants before Milk Fight - a dairy-fuelled urban food fight by Gaby Montejo. The event was part of FESTA 2014. Milk Fight was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of Melanie Oliver (Director, The Physics Room), addressing participants and spectators at Gaby Montejo's Milk Fight. This dairy-fuelled urban food fight was part of FESTA 2014, and was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Research Papers, Lincoln University

Study region: Christchurch, New Zealand. Study focus: Low-lying coastal cities worldwide are vulnerable to shallow groundwater salinization caused by saltwater intrusion and anthropogenic activities. Shallow groundwater salinization can have cascading negative impacts on municipal assets, but this is rarely considered compared to impacts of salinization on water supply. Here, shallow groundwater salinity was sampled at high spatial resolution (1.3 piezometer/km²), then mapped and spatially interpolated. This was possible due to a uniquely extensive set of shallow piezometers installed in response to the 2010–11 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence to assess liquefaction risk. The municipal assets located within the brackish groundwater areas were highlighted. New hydrological insights for the region: Brackish groundwater areas were centred on a spit of coastal sand dunes and inside the meander of a tidal river with poorly drained soils. The municipal assets located within these areas include: (i) wastewater and stormwater pipes constructed from steel-reinforced concrete, which, if damaged, are vulnerable to premature failure when exposed to chloride underwater, and (ii) 41 parks and reserves totalling 236 ha, within which salt-intolerant groundwater-dependent species are at risk. This research highlights the importance of determining areas of saline shallow groundwater in low-lying coastal urban settings and the co-located municipal assets to allow the prioritisation of sites for future monitoring and management.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of participants signing in at the registration table for Milk Fight - a dairy-fuelled urban food fight by local artist Gaby Montego. The event was part of FESTA 2014. Milk Fight was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of local artist Gaby Montejo in a cow onesie before his Milk Fight event. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014. It was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of local artist Gaby Montejo in a cow onesie before his Milk Fight event. Milk Fight was a dairy-fuelled urban food fight, which was part of FESTA 2014. It was held on the former Convention Centre site at 100 Peterborough Street.

Videos, UC QuakeStudies

The story of the city’s urban marae, Ngā Hau e Whā, built from 1981 onwards, begins in the migration of Māori from their tūrangawaewae to cities. The marae project is linked to a desire among city elders to move Māori out of the city centre to the east.

Research Papers, Lincoln University

Imagined landscapes find their form in utopian dreaming. As ideal places, utopias are set up according to the ideals of their designers. Inevitably, utopias become compromised when they move from the imaginary into the actual. Opportunities to create utopias rely largely on a blank slate, a landscape unimpeded by the inconveniences of existing occupation – or even topography. Christchurch has seen two utopian moments. The first was at the time of European settlement in the mid-nineteenth century, when imported ideals provided a model for a new city. The earthquakes of 2010 and 2011 provided a second point at which utopian dreaming spurred visions for the city. Christchurch’s earthquakes have provided a unique opportunity for a city to re-imagine itself. Yet, as is the fate for all imaginary places, reality got in the way.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the USAID Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) hoisted on the platform of a crane, next to the Forsyth Barr Building on the corner of Armagh and Colombo Streets. Some of the windows below have been broken open by Urban Search and Rescue workers looking for trapped people.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a member of the New Zealand Police using a search dog to examine the rubble of the Caledonian Hall on Kilmore Street. There are two crushed cars amongst the rubble. To the right a member of an Urban Search and Rescue team is watching on.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

An image from a Army News March 2011 photo compilation titled, "All in a Days Work". The image is captioned, "USAR workers sift through the crumbled ruins of a building". The building they are working on is the CTV building which collapsed during the 22 February 2011 earthquake.

Research Papers, Lincoln University

Creativity that is driven by a need for physical or economic survival, which disasters are likely to inspire, raises the question of whether such creativity fits with conventional theories and perspectives of creativity. In this paper we use the opportunity afforded by the 2010-2013 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquakes to follow and assess the creative practices and responses of a number of groups and individuals. We use in-depth interviews to tease out motivations and read these against a range of theoretical propositions about creativity. In particular, we focus on the construct of “elite panic” and the degree to which this appeared to be evident in the Christchurch earthquakes context. Bureaucratic attempts to control or limit creativity were present but they did not produce a completely blanket dampening effect. Certain individuals and groups seemed to be pre-equipped to navigate or ignore potential blocks to creativity. We argue, using Geir Kaufmann’s novelty-creativity matrix and aspects of Teresa Amabile’s and Michael G. Pratt’s revised componential theory of creativity that a special form of disaster creativity does exist.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the Disaster Assistance Response Team outside the US headquarters in Latimer Square. Latimer Square was set up as a temporary headquarters for emergency management personnel after the 22 February 2011 earthquake.