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Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across London Street in Lyttelton to the Empire Hotel and the Lyttelton Bakery. The buildings have been cordoned off by a safety fence. Sections of the side wall of the Empire Hotel have crumbled and its facade has been braced with steel beams.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a building on the corner of Barbadoes and Armagh Streets. The top storey of the building has crumbled, spilling rubble onto the pavement. Steel fences and road cones have been placed around the rubble as a cordon.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

Perimeter Moment resisting steel frames (PMRSFs) are a commonly used seismic resisting system, placed around the perimeter of the building for maximum torsional stiffness. They are typically designed as “strong column weak beam” systems with fixed column bases. When subjected to severe earthquake demand, sufficient to push the beams into the inelastic range, it is expected that plastic hinging at the column bases will occur. However, the response of PMRSF systems to the severe 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquake series did not generate column base hinging in systems which exhibited beam yielding.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A panoramic photograph taken at the front of Christ Church Cathedral. The front of the cathedral has steel bracing against it to limit further damage. The upper part of the front wall has crumbled completely, exposing the inside space. The Chalice sculpture is to the right and the BNZ building can be seen in the background.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The McKenzie and Willis building on High Street with damage to the top storey. The side wall has crumbled, exposing the inside of the building where the roof has been propped up by scaffolding. The front facade of the building is also damaged and is held upright by steel bracing.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The old Railway Station clock tower on Moorhouse Avenue with plywood and steel reinforcement covering two sides, a crane hanging over top. The brickwork suffered extensive cracking during the earthquake making it in need for reinforcement. The clock has stopped at around 16:35, the time of the earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the McKenzie & Willis Building on the corner of High and Tuam Streets. The right side of the building has collapsed and steel bracing is being used to hold up the rest. Large piles of rubble and shipping containers can be seen in front.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of a detail of the front of Christ Church Cathedral. A stained-glass window remains intact despite the collapsed stonework that surrounds it. The upper part of the front wall has crumbled. Steel bracing has been placed against the wall to limit further damage.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The front of Christ Church Cathedral. The upper part of the front wall has crumbled leaving the inside space exposed. Steel bracing has been placed against it to limit further damage. A walkway from Gloucester Street to the Square was opened up for a few days to allow the public a closer look at the cathedral.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The southern side of the Christ Church Cathedral with boarded up windows and damage to the roof above both of the transepts. Damaged masonry has been piled on the ground in front and one of the spires has been removed and braced with steel in the foreground.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the Christchurch Arts Centre taken from Rolleston Avenue. A spire has been removed from one of the towers and braced on the footpath in front of the building. Wire fencing and road cones have been used to cordon off one side of the road.

Research papers, The University of Auckland Library

A non-destructive hardness testing method has been developed to investigate the amount of plastic strain demand in steel elements subjected to cyclic loading. The focus of this research is on application to the active links of eccentrically braced frames (EBFs), which are a commonly used seismic-resisting system in modern steel framed buildings. The 2010/2011 Christchurch earthquake series, especially the very intense February 22 shaking, which was the first earthquake worldwide to push complete EBF systems fully into their inelastic state, generating a moderate to high level of plastic strain in EBF active links, for a range of buildings from 3 to 23 storeys in height. This raised two important questions: 1) what was the extent of plastic deformation in active links; and 2) what effect does that have to post-earthquake steel properties? This project comprised determining a robust relationship between hardness and plastic strain in order to be able to answer the first question and provide the necessary input into answering the second question. A non-destructive Leeb (portable) hardness tester (model TH170) has been used to measure the hardness, in order to determine the plastic strain, in hot rolled steel universal sections and steel plates. A bench top Rockwell B was used to compare and validated the hardness measured by the portable hardness tester. Hardness was measured from monotonically strained tensile test specimens to identify the relationship between hardness and plastic strain demand. Test results confirmed a good relationship between hardness and the amount of monotonically induced plastic strain. Surface roughness was identified as an important parameter in obtaining reliable hardness readings from a portable hardness reader. A proper surface preparation method was established by using three different cleaning methods, finished with hand sanding to achieve surface roughness coefficients sufficiently low not to distort the results. This work showed that a test surface roughness (Ra) is not more than 1.6 micron meter (μm) is required for accurate readings from the TH170 tester. A case study on an earthquake affected building was carried out to identify the relationship between hardness and amount of plastic strain demand in cyclically deformed active links. Hardness was carried out from active links shown visually to have been the most affected during one of the major earthquake events. Onsite hardness test results were then compared with laboratory hardness test results. A good relationship between hardness from onsite and laboratory was observed between the test methods; Rockwell B bench top and portable Leeb tester TH170. Manufacturing induced plastic strain in the top and bottom of the webs of hot rolled sections were discovered from this research, an important result which explains why visual effects of earthquake induced active link yielding (eg cracked or flaking paint) was typically more prevalent over the middle half depth of the active link. The extent of this was quantified. It was also evident that the hardness readings from the portable hardness tester are influenced by geometry, mass effects and rigidity of the links. The final experimental stage was application of the method to full scale cyclic inelastic tested nominally identical active links subjected to loading regimes comprising constant and variable plastic strain demands. The links were cyclically loaded to achieve different plastic strain level. A novel Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was incorporated during the tests of this scale, to confirm the level of plastic strain achieved. Tensile test specimens were water jet cut from cyclically deformed webs to analyse the level of plastic strain. Test results show clear evidence that cyclically deformed structural steel elements show good correlation between hardness and the amount of plastic strain demand. DIC method was found to be reliable and accurate to check the level of plastic strain within cyclically deformed structural steel elements.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the public take photographs of the damaged Christ Church Cathedral. A walkway from Gloucester Street to the Square was opened up for a few days to allow the public a closer look at the cathedral. The tower and the front wall of the building have partially collapsed. Steel bracing has been added to the front wall for support.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A view across London Street in Lyttelton showing damage to the Four Square supermarket and Lyttelton Coffee Company buildings. The Four Square's windows have been boarded up with plywood. and cracks are visible in the masonry of the Lyttelton Coffee Company building. Steel rods have been installed to support its sagging awning.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The old Railway Station clock tower on Moorhouse Avenue with plywood and steel reinforcement covering two sides, and a crane hanging over top. The brickwork suffered extensive cracking during the earthquake making it in need of reinforcement. The clock has stopped at around 16:35, the time of the earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Steel bracing on the front of the Worcester Street face of the Octagon Live Restaurant (formerly Trinity Church), which is being repaired. The scaffolding has been decorated with sculptures of people kayaking, cycling, climbing and bungee jumping. Some of the figures are wearing santa hats. A fence has been constructed at the base of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Steel bracing on the front of the Worcester Street face of the Octagon Live Restaurant (formerly Trinity Church), which is being repaired. The scaffolding has been decorated with sculptures of people kayaking, cycling, climbing and bungee jumping. Some of the figures are wearing santa hats. A fence has been constructed at the base of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the public take photographs of the damaged Christ Church Cathedral. A walkway from Gloucester Street to the Square was opened up for a few days to allow the public a closer look at the cathedral. The tower and the front wall of the building have partially collapsed. Steel bracing has been added to the front wall for support.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Steel bracing on the front of the Worcester Street face of the Octagon Live Restaurant (formerly Trinity Church), which is being repaired. The scaffolding has been decorated with sculptures of people kayaking, cycling, climbing and bungee jumping. Some of the figures are wearing santa hats. A fence has been constructed at the base of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

The old Railway Station clock tower on Moorhouse Avenue with plywood and steel reinforcement covering two sides, and a crane hanging over top. The brickwork suffered extensive cracking during the earthquake making it in need of reinforcement. The clock has stopped at around 16:35, the time of the earthquake.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the public take photographs of the damaged Christ Church Cathedral. A walkway from Gloucester Street to the Square was opened up for a few days to allow the public a closer look at the cathedral. The tower and the front wall of the building have partially collapsed. Steel bracing has been added to the front wall for support.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Steel bracing on the front of the Worcester Street face of the Octagon Live Restaurant (formerly Trinity Church), which is being repaired. The scaffolding has been decorated with sculptures of people kayaking, cycling, climbing and bungee jumping. Some of the figures are wearing santa hats. A fence has been constructed at the base of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Damage to the front gable of the Durham Street Methodist Church. Masonry has fallen from the top of the gable, and the resulting gap has been weather proofed with plywood, tarpaulins and metal tiles. The steel bracing propping the whole front wall can be seen at the bottom of the photograph.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Members of the public take photographs of the damaged Christ Church Cathedral. A walkway from Gloucester Street to the Square was opened up for a few days to allow the public a closer look at the cathedral. The tower and the front wall of the building have partially collapsed. Steel bracing has been added to the front wall for support.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Steel bracing on the front of the Worcester Street face of the Octagon Live Restaurant (formerly Trinity Church), which is being repaired. The scaffolding has been decorated with sculptures of people kayaking, cycling, climbing and bungee jumping. Some of the figures are wearing santa hats. A fence has been constructed at the base of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

Steel bracing on the front of the Worcester Street face of the Octagon Live Restaurant (formerly Trinity Church), which is being repaired. The scaffolding has been decorated with sculptures of people kayaking, cycling, climbing and bungee jumping. Some of the figures are wearing santa hats. A fence has been constructed at the base of the building.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to a building on the corner of Armagh and Barbadoes Streets. The outer walls of the building have collapsed and the bricks have spilled onto the footpath and road below. Steel and wire fences have been placed around the building as a cordon.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the earthquake damage to the Registry Building on the corner of Montreal and Worcester Streets. Masonry around the gable has collapsed onto the footpath below. Steel bracing has been used to hold up the remaining masonry. Wire fencing has been placed around the building as a cordon.