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Research Papers, Lincoln University

The city of Christchurch, New Zealand, incurred significant damage due to a series of earthquakes in 2010 and 2011. The city had, by the late 2010s, regained economic and social normalcy after a sustained period of rebuilding and economic recovery. Through the concerted rebuilding effort, a modern central business district (CBD) with redesigned infrastructure and amenities was developed. The Christchurch rebuild was underpinned by a commitment of urban planners to an open and connected city, including the use of innovative technologies to gather, use and share data. As was the case elsewhere, the COVID-19 pandemic brought about significant disruptions to social and economic life in Christchurch. Border closures, lockdowns, trading limitations and other restrictions on movement led to changes in traditional consumer behaviors and affected the retail sector’s resilience. In this study, we used CBD pedestrian traffic data gathered from various locations to predict changes in retail spending and identify recovery implications through the lens of retail resilience. We found that the COVID-19 pandemic and its related lockdowns have driven a substantive change in the behavioral patterns of city users. The implications for resilient retail, sustainable policy and further research are explored.

Research Papers, Lincoln University

We examined the stratigraphy of alluvial fans formed at the steep range front of the Southern Alps at Te Taho, on the north bank of the Whataroa River in central West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. The range front coincides with the Alpine Fault, an Australian-Pacific plate boundary fault, which produces regular earthquakes. Our study of range front fans revealed aggradation at 100- to 300-year intervals. Radiocarbon ages and soil residence times (SRTs) estimated by a quantitative profile development index allowed us to elucidate the characteristics of four episodes of aggradation since 1000 CE. We postulate a repeating mode of fan behaviour (fan response cycle [FRC]) linked to earthquake cycles via earthquake-triggered landslides. FRCs are characterised by short response time (aggradation followed by incision) and a long phase when channels are entrenched and fan surfaces are stable (persistence time). Currently, the Te Taho and Whataroa River fans are in the latter phase. The four episodes of fan building we determined from an OxCal sequence model correlate to Alpine Fault earthquakes (or other subsidiary events) and support prior landscape evolution studies indicating ≥M7.5 earthquakes as the main driver of episodic sedimentation. Our findings are consistent with other historic non-earthquake events on the West Coast but indicate faster responses than other earthquake sites in New Zealand and elsewhere where rainfall and stream gradients (the basis for stream power) are lower. Judging from the thickness of fan deposits and the short response times, we conclude that pastoral farming (current land-use) on the fans and probably across much of the Whataroa River fan would be impossible for several decades after a major earthquake. The sustainability of regional tourism and agriculture is at risk, more so because of the vulnerability of the single through road in the region (State Highway 6).

Research Papers, Lincoln University

The magnitude 7.8 earthquake that struck North Canterbury, on the east coast of New Zealand’s South Island on 14 November 2016 had significant impacts and implications for the community of Kaikōura and surrounding settlements. The magnitude and scope of this event has resulted in extensive and ongoing geological and geophysical research into the event. The current paper complements this research by providing a review of existing social science research and offering new analysis of the impact of the earthquake and its aftermath on community resilience in Kaikōura over the past five years. Results demonstrate the significant economic implications for tourism, and primary industries. Recovery has been slow, and largely dependent on restoring transportation networks, which helped catalyse cooperation among local hospitality providers. Challenges remain, however, and not all sectors or households have benefited equally from post-quake opportunities, and long-term recovery trajectories continue to be hampered by COVID-19 pandemic. The multiple ongoing and future stressors faced by Kaikōura require integrated and equitable approaches in order to build capability and capacity for locally based development pathways to ensure long-term community resilience.

Audio, UC QuakeStudies

Part five of the audio that makes up Gap Filler's 29th project, the Transitional City Audio Tour. This part of the tour begins on Montreal Street near Cranmer Square. It includes commentary on the Cranmer Centre and the Windsor Hotel, two demolished buildings which were on the opposite corners of Armagh and Montreal Streets. The tour then moves down Armagh Street, providing commentary on the Canterbury Provincial Chambers Buildings. When the tour reaches the bridge over the Avon River, it crosses to the other side and follows the river to Gloucester Street where there is commentary on Chancery Lane. The tour then travels up Colombo Street and back to Victoria Square, with commentary on the Queen Victoria and James Cook statues. The tour finishes at the Pallet Pavilion, where it began, on the corner of Kilmore and Durham Streets.

Audio, UC QuakeStudies

Part four of the audio that makes up Gap Filler's 29th project, the Transitional City Audio Tour. This part of the tour begins in the Re:Start Mall on Cashel Street and includes commentary on the performance Last Day of Mankind at the Bridge of Remembrance. The tour then moves up Oxford Terrace, along the banks of the Avon River, until it reaches Worcester Boulevard. Turning left, it travels down Worcester Boulevard, past the Christchurch Art Gallery, providing commentary on the new and old art in the area, and the Christchurch Arts Centre. Lastly, it moves up Montreal towards Cranmer Square.

Audio, UC QuakeStudies

Part three of the audio that makes up Gap Filler's 29th project, the Transitional City Audio Tour. This part of the tour begins on Madras Street and includes commentary on the clothing industry in Christchurch before reaching Tuam Street. On Tuam Street, the tour includes commentary on the C1 cafe in the former Post Office building. The tour then moves up High Street to Cashel Street and on to Re:Start Mall.

Audio, UC QuakeStudies

Part one of the audio that makes up Gap Filler's 29th project, the Transitional City Audio Tour. This part of the tour begins at the Pallet Pavilion on the corner of Kilmore and Durham Streets. It includes commentary on the Crowne Plaza Hotel and the Town Hall, as well as the Captain Cook and Queen Victoria statues in Victoria Square. The tour then moves down Armagh Street to New Regent Street where there is a discussion of Trambiance, a series of sound performances in the Christchurch tram. The tour also includes commentary on the rebuild of New Regent Street and the Isaac Theatre Royal.

Audio, UC QuakeStudies

Part two of the audio that makes up Gap Filler's 29th project, the Transitional City Audio Tour. This part of the tour begins in Cathedral Square and includes commentary on the proposal for the Convention Centre. The tour then moves down Worcester Street, providing commentary on Hotel 115, the Old Government Building (now the Heritage Hotel), and the Trinity Church on the way. Once the tour reaches Latimer Square, it moves towards Hereford Street and there is commentary on the Green Frame, and the future of Les Mill and Calendar Girls. The tour then moves down Madras Street, passing the Transitional Cathedral and the artwork, 185 Empty Chairs. The tour ends with commentary on the Farmers' Trading Building, the first Farmers' building in Christchurch which was eventually replaced by the IRD Building on Madras Street.

Images, UC QuakeStudies

A photograph of the potato stamps which were created by Jen McBride for Gap Filler's Have a Steak in Your City project. The potato stamps were used to create the poster for the event and to decorate the paper napkins which people used to eat their steak. A number of these paper napkins are in the background of the photograph.